Krotov Denis, 7th grade

Lefty absorbed many of the qualities inherent in Leskov’s righteous men: patriotism, the presence of clear moral guidelines, tenacity of character, natural talent, keen interest in the life around him, the foundations of Christian morality. But the state does not value such people, so Lefty dies, useless to anyone.

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Municipal treasury educational institution Kurtamysh district "Kostylevskaya basic secondary school"

Project

Subject:

"The Tale of Tula's Oblique Lefty and steel flea », 1881).

Completed by 7th grade student: Krotov Denis

2017

Project passport

1 . Project name– N.S. Leskov “The Tale of the Tula Oblique Lefty and the Steel Flea”

Subject area:Russian literature

2. Full name educational project developers:

7th grade student:

Krotov Denis

Coordinator : teacher of Russian language and literature Korobey Natalya Anatolyevna

3. Name of educational institutionMKOU Kurtamysh district "Kostylevskaya basic secondary school"

4. Year of development of the educational project: 2017

5. Experience of use (extent of distribution):was held twice in grades 6 and 7, a performance in front of classmates.

6. Problem situation- Every a reading person in our country thinks about the Russian national character. There is one classic who, as a rule, is forgotten - Nikolai Semenovich Leskov. His works are saturated with the “Russian spirit”, and they reveal not only the features of the Russian national character, but also the specifics of all Russian life. In this sense, Leskov’s story “Lefty” stands apart. It reproduces with extraordinary accuracy and depth all the flaws in the structure of domestic life and all the heroism of the Russian people

7. Project problem –studying the work of N.S. Leskov “The Tale of the Tula Oblique Lefty and the Steel Flea”

8. Age of students for which the project is designed: 11-13 years old

9. Project type by dominant activity: informational

By subject areainterdisciplinary project (history, literature, fine arts)

By nature of coordinationproject with open, explicit coordination

By number of participantspersonal (individual) - one participant

By execution durationlong-term (December 2016-January 2017)

By design object- existential - designing the personal development of the human “I” in the process of building one’s destiny.

Project goal

Studying the work of N.S. Leskov “Lefty”. (According to N.S. Leskov, “The tale of the steel flea is a specifically gunsmith’s legend, and it expresses the pride of Russian gunsmiths.”

Project objectives

• Introduce the work.
• To attract the young reader to read “The Tale of the Tula Oblique Lefty and the Steel Flea.”
• Foster a sense of pride in the Russian talented, hardworking people.

Abstract of the work LEFT-HANDED - Leskov Nikolai Semenovich

Title: LEFT-HANDED
Leskov Nikolay Semyonovich
Year: 1881
Genre: tale
Language: Russian

About the book:

The theme of love for Russia and pain for it runs through all of N.S.’s work. Leskova. But it is most clearly manifested in his tale “Lefty”. A Russian working person is a master and craftsman, talented and savvy, with golden hands and a clear head. The writer is proud of him, but he is also offended for him, hurt and bitter.
“Lefty” is a tale in which sadness and pain are hidden behind irony and a smile. Tula gunsmiths crafted the English miracle flea, which can only be seen through a microscope. But they studied from the Psalter and the Half-Dream Book, and worked without any “small scopes,” by eye.
The British, seeing the work of Tula masters, were amazed. They want to lure Lefty, they seduce him with money and a bride. But Lefty loves Russia, he is eager to go home, especially since he needs to tell him a very important “secret” of the British: guns do not need to be cleaned with bricks. How does his homeland greet him? A quarter, because he has no “tugament,” and death. His secret never reached the sovereign.
Leskov's irony and sarcasm reach the limit. He does not understand why Rus', which gives birth to craftsmen, geniuses, poets, deals with them with its own hands. As for guns, this is a non-fictional fact. The guns were cleaned with crushed brick, and the authorities demanded that the barrels sparkle from the inside. And inside there was a carving... So the soldiers destroyed it out of excess zeal.
It hurts Leskov that we are diligently destroying what can save us in hard times.

About the writer

(from Wikipedia)

Nikolay Semyonovich Leskov(February 4 ( February 16 ), village Gorokhovo Oryol district Oryol province , - February 21( March 5 ) , Saint Petersburg ) - Russian writer.

“Russian people recognize Leskov as the most Russian of Russian writers and who knew the Russian people more deeply and widely as they are,” wroteD. P. Svyatopolk-Mirsky (1926) .

Literary career

Leskov began publishing relatively late - in the twenty-sixth year of his life, publishing several notes in the newspaper "St. Petersburg Gazette "(1859-1860), several articles in the Kyiv publications "Modern Medicine", which publishedA. P. Walter (article “On the working class”, several notes about doctors) and “Economic Index”. Leskov’s articles, which exposed the corruption of police doctors, led to a conflict with his colleagues: as a result of the provocation they organized, Leskov, who conducted an internal investigation, was accused of bribery and was forced to leave the service.

At the beginning of his literary career, N. S. Leskov collaborated with many St. Petersburg newspapers and magazines, most of all publishing in “Domestic notes "(where he was patronized by a familiar Oryol publicistS. S. Gromeko ), in “Russian Speech” and “Northern Bee”.“Domestic Notes” published “Essays on the distillery industry (Penza province) », which Leskov himself called his first work,))) considered his first major publication.In the summer of that year, he briefly moved to Moscow, returning to St. Petersburg in December.

"Lefty"

One of the most striking images in the gallery of Leskov’s “righteous people” was Lefty (“The Tale of the Tula Oblique Lefty and the Steel Flea”, 1881).

Summary of the tale “Lefty”

When Emperor Alexander I arrived in England, they showed him a small steel flea that could dance. The emperor bought a flea and brought it to the palace. After the death of Alexander I, Nicholas I ascended the throne. Nicholas found this flea among Alexander's old things. Nicholas I was confident in the superiority of the Russians and ordered Platov, Don Cossack, who accompanied Alexander I on a trip to Europe, to find a master who would come up with something that could surpass this flea in design. In Tula, Platov found a craftsman nicknamed “Lefty”. Lefty came up with the idea of ​​shod this flea with tiny horseshoes. For this, Lefty received an order in St. Petersburg from Nicholas I personally and was sent to England to demonstrate this invention. Lefty was offered to stay in Europe, but he decided to return to Russia. On the way home he made a bet with the half-skipper that he would outdrink him. Lefty died of alcohol poisoning in a common hospital. Lefty’s last words were: “Tell the sovereign that the British don’t clean their guns with bricks: let them not clean ours either, otherwise, God bless war, they’re not good for shooting.” Unfortunately, Lefty’s words were never conveyed to Nicholas I.

Historical figures in "The Tale..."

Tsar Alexander I: biography, politics, reforms

Born December 1777, eldest son Paul I, named Alexander , even in infancy he was given to be raised by his own grandmother, the empress Catherine II : The relationship between the empress and Alexander's father was tense, and Catherine did not want to leave preparations for the role of heir to the throne to his parents. The Empress’s goal was to raise her adored grandson to be a perfect ruler for the Russian state in all respects. Alexander Pavlovich received an excellent education of the Western type..

Palace coup on the night of March 11-12, during which he was killed Paul I , not only led to Alexander’s ascension to the throne, but also deeply wounded the feelings of the young ruler: the bitterness of responsibility for the death of his father and the severity of this loss haunted him throughout his life..

Domestic policy Emperor Alexander I was largely aimed at the interests of the nobility, however, the emperor was clearly aware of the importance and complexity of the issue of the position of the peasant population. Against the backdrop of a series of decrees granting the nobles more and more privileges, Alexander made a lot of efforts to make life easier for the peasants, endow them with rights and ensure the protection of these rights. Thus, a decree of 1801 was approved, which destroyed the monopolistic right to own land only by nobles and regulated permission for merchants and townspeople to purchase vacant plots of land for the purpose of conducting economic activities using hired labor. The “Decree on Free Plowmen,” adopted in 1803, was the first official document that provided for the possibility of purchasing freedom for a serf from a landowner - subject to an agreement reached by both parties - and provided free peasants with the right to property. Throughout the entire stay Alexandra I In power, the administrative apparatus paid considerable attention to the problem of the quality of life of the peasant people, but many progressive bills were never implemented.

One of the global reforms Alexandra I was a reform in the field of education: driven by the need to educate highly qualified personnel in the Empire. Universities provided personnel and developed educational programs for schools and gymnasiums. Alexander I initiated and supported the development educational institutions: under him, five universities, a number of gymnasiums and other educational institutions were founded.

In the field foreign policy activities Alexandra I the most significant event was the Russian-French war. Crushing defeat Russian army in a battle with the French in 1805 led to the signing of a peace agreement in 1806. Despite the military situation between the countries, Napoleon Bonaparte sincerely considered Russia the only worthy ally, and high-level discussions took place between the emperors of the two countries about options for an alliance of military actions directed against India and Turkey. As part of the conclusion of the alliance, France was ready to recognize Russia's rights to Finland, and Russia - France's rights to Spain. However, this union was never concluded due to the irreconcilable clash of interests of states in the Balkans and in relations with the Duchy of Warsaw, which prevented the organization of profitable trade relations of the Russian Empire. Napoleon wooed Alexander I's sister Anna in 1810, but was refused in response.

The Napoleonic War revealed to the world a galaxy of outstanding military strategists, whose names have remained for centuries: among them Kutuzov, yarmulok, Bagration, Barclay de Tolly, Davydov, and other bright personalities who showed themselves in the Patriotic War that broke out after the expulsion of Napoleon.

Death from typhoid fever struck Alexandra I in the city of Taganrog and was so sudden that many refused to believe in it: there were many rumors that the ruler did not die, but went on wanderings around his fatherland, and having reached Siberia, settled there under the guise of an old hermit.

In general, the regime of Alexander I was progressive in nature: among the most important results of his reign is the reconstruction of the organization of the mechanism state power- introduction of the Constitution and the Council. Alexander I became one of the first monarchs to recognize the importance of solving the problem of imperfection and limitations of the individual form of power. The Emperor made a significant contribution to solving the problem of the quality of life of the peasantry. And, most importantly, led by Alexander I , Russian Empire was able to withstand the onslaught of France, which captured almost all of Europe, and maintain its own positions.Patriotic War, which began in 1812, illuminated the extraordinary ability of the Russian people to unite into a single indestructible force under the threat of an external enemy. Maintaining the power of Russia over all its territories, successfully repelling attempts to seize them, is one of the main achievements of the emperor Alexandra

M. I. Platov, ataman.

One of the most interesting figures of the Patriotic War of 1812 is Matvey Platov, the ataman of the Don Cossack army. He was a rather extraordinary and interesting personality. In addition to the Patriotic War, Ataman Platov took part in many other battles. The future ataman Matvey Ivanovich Platov was born in August 1751 in Cherkassk, which at that time was the capital of the Don Army. The future ataman Matvey Platov took part in the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. A year later, he was already entrusted with commanding a regiment of the Don Army. In 1774, Matvey Ivanovich went to the Caucasian Front, where he took part in suppressing the uprising of the highlanders in the Kuban; in 1775, M. Platov took part in suppressing the Pugachev rebellion. In the next Russian-Turkish war (1787-1791), Platov also took the most active part. With his participation, storms of such fortresses as Ochakov (1788), Akkerman (1789), Bendery (1789), Izmail (1790) took place. and in 1793 he received the rank of major general. In 1796, M.I. Platov knew more than just joys. The chieftain was suspected by Emperor Paul of a conspiracy against him and exiled to Kostroma. Platov's disgrace lasted until 1801, when from 1801 Platov was the ataman of the Don Army. This meant that from that moment he became the leader of the entire Don Cossacks. In addition, Matvey Ivanovich received the rank of lieutenant general. In 1805, Platov founded the new capital of the Don Cossacks - Novocherkassk. 1812 - war against Napoleon. The greatest mark on Platov’s biography was left by the Patriotic War of 1812 with Napoleon.

Matvey Platov died in January 1818, in a village near Taganrog, on his native Don land, at the age of 66 years. This is how one of the most active personalities in the history of the Don Cossacks passed away. Platov was initially buried in Novocherkassk, but then a series of reburials followed. The chieftain's grave was desecrated by the Bolsheviks. Ultimately, in 1993, the remains of Matvey Platov were buried in the same place.

Personality of Nicholas 1

Nicholas 1 Pavlovich was born in 1796. He ascended to the Russian throne after Emperor Constantine renounced the crown in the early twenties of the nineteenth century. Note that on the same day there was an unsuccessful coup attempt, which was later called the Decembrist uprising. It says a lot about the personality of Nicholas 1 that later in his letters to Constantine he regretted that he was “an emperor who became such at the cost of the blood of his subjects.”

During the reign of Nicholas 1, the country saw the rise of an absolute military-bureaucratic monarchy. In other words, only military officials dominated all the most important government posts and all ministries. Literally all financial resources from the state treasury were also spent on their maintenance.

The year 1830 was marked by the fact that Nicholas 1 issued a law aimed at making life easier for the common people. Over the course of a couple of years, several thousand educational institutions were built in villages and settlements. Twelve years later, a decree was adopted that landowners could give freedom to their peasants after they fulfilled certain conditions. Let us note that this tsar considered the greatest misfortune of Russia to be precisely serfdom, however, canceling it right away was considered a big mistake.

During the reign of Nicholas 1, great attention was paid to the construction of highways - in total, about ten thousand miles were laid. The secret political police strengthened their positions at this time. Literary activity and the personal lives of many talented writers, journalists and historians were limited. The government and the best representatives of public thought began to alienate themselves from each other.

After the accession of Emperor Nicholas 1 to the throne of Russia, the country declared war on Persia, thanks to the victory over which the Nakhichevan and Erivan regions were obtained. This was followed by the conquest of the Caucasus, the war with Turkey, and the siege of Sevastopol. As you know, Russia lost the Crimean War, and therefore it was deprived of the right to keep its fleet here. Nicholas 1, who was distinguished by his stubborn disposition and intolerance, was never able to admit his mistakes. It was they who led the country to the failure of the war and to the collapse of the entire system of state power, which until that moment was considered to be well-established. In February 1855, Nicholas 1 suddenly died. According to historians, he took the poison, which caused his death, deliberately. Despite everything, this emperor went down in history as one of the greatest rulers of our country.

These are the same personalities in the tale “Lefty”

Alexander Pavlovich - Russian Emperor; Alexander Pavlovich is presented in the cartoon role of a fan and admirer of Western (English) civilization and its technical inventions.

Arriving in England with Ataman Platov, Alexander Pavlovich admires the rare, skillfully made things that the British proudly show him; he does not dare to show them the products and achievements of Russian masters. A.P. is a politician, he is afraid of ruining relations with the British, he lacks proper patriotism. Alexander Pavlovich is contrasted with his brother, the “patriot” Nikolai Pavlovich, and the straightforward Platov, who is painfully experiencing the humiliation of the Russians.
The identity of Alexander Pavlovich with the real Emperor Alexander I is conditional.

Cossack ataman Matvey Platov.

It is he who accompanies Emperor Alexander Pavlovich during his trip to England. Unlike the emperor, P. is shown to us as a patriot of his country. He is confident that Russian craftsmen will be able to create something more amazing than a dancing flea. It is he who exposes the British when he unscrews the lock of an English pistol and sees an inscription there with the name of a Russian master. Because of his straightforwardness, P. loses Nikolai Pavlovich’s goodwill. It is noteworthy that P. does not recognize the personal dignity of people who depend on him. He considers beatings and threats to be the best way to influence people. P. turned out to be the only person who tried to help the sick Lefty return to Russia.

Nikolai Pavlovich- Russian emperor; instructs Ataman Platov to find Russian craftsmen who could create something worthy of greater surprise than an English steel flea. He sends Lefty, along with the flea he has savvy, to England to show the art of the Russians. In contrast to his brother Alexander Pavlovich, Nikolai Pavlovich acts as a “patriot”.
The identity of Nikolai Pavlovich with Emperor Nicholas I is conditional.

The image of Lefty in "STAZE..."

In the story “Lefty” one of the central problems is the problem of the creative talent of the Russian person. Left-handed - an unprepossessing little man with his hair torn out during his apprenticeship, dressed like a beggar - is not afraid to go to the sovereign, because he is confident in his rightness and in the quality of his work. Once in England, he strives to understand the military tricks of the British and serve the Fatherland.
The image of Lefty continues the gallery of images of the righteous created by Leskov. A lefty who travels to England without documents, hastily dressed, hungry, to demonstrate Russian ingenuity and skill.
Lefty absorbed many of the qualities inherent in Leskov’s righteous men: patriotism, the presence of clear moral guidelines, tenacity of character, natural talent, keen interest in the life around him, and the foundations of Christian morality.

Tragic and comic in N. S. Leskov’s tale “Lefty”

The most serious problem posed by Leskov in “Lefty” is the problem of the lack of demand for Russian talent. In the final, twentieth chapter, the author notes: “The left-hander’s own name, like the names of many of the greatest geniuses, is forever lost to posterity.”
Many people with quite a lot of power (Platov, Emperor Nikolai Pavlovich, etc.) “were very confident in their... people and did not like to give in to any foreigner,” but things did not go beyond words and pride for their people.
Lefty - an unprepossessing little man, with his hair torn out during his apprenticeship, dressed like a beggar - is not afraid to go to the sovereign, because he is confident in his rightness, in the quality of his work. Once in England, he strives to understand the military tricks of the British and serve the Fatherland. The hero's inflexibility earns the respect of the British.

In his work, N. S. Leskov successfully synthesized many tragic and comic features, clearly and accurately expressing in them the sorrows and joys, disadvantages and advantages, character traits and originality of the Russian people.

The very image of Lefty is both comical and tragic at the same time: we laugh at his downtroddenness, but in reality it’s not funny at all. Perhaps this is a feature of the national character - to laugh at oneself. In my opinion, for some, the Russians have always been saved by the ability to evaluate all their troubles from a funny side.
Lefty faces many trials, but even in his dying hour the hero remembers only one thing - a military secret, ignorance of which is disastrous for the Russian army. Leskov shows the tragic paradox of Russian life. The simple Tula master Lefty is more concerned about the problem of Russia's military power than the Minister of War Count Chernyshev or the Emperor himself.
As for the design, in “Lefty” it is in highest degree fits perfectly and organically with the content and the main character. The comedy is achieved through the play of words, the peculiar speech of the characters. Leskov used many distorted words in the speech of the heroes, for example, “merblyuzi” (camel), “studing” (from pudding and jelly), Abolon Polvedersky, Count Kiselvrode.
The English who live near the “Solid Sea” are also comical, dressed “in tunic waistcoats” and shod in “thick boots with iron knobs.” Their joy is unnatural and sad: “When the holiday comes, they will gather in pairs, take a stick in their hands and go for a walk in a decorous and noble manner.”
N. S. Leskov, showing the talent of Lefty and his comrades, bitterly asserts that the Russian government is not able to appreciate it.

Leskov agrees that Lefty is a symbol of the Russian people. Later, Leskov repeats again that his hero is “a spokesman for the Russian people.”

Features of the language

The syntactic constructions used in the skaz are characteristic of the conversational style: many incomplete sentences, particles, addresses, interjections, introductory words, lexical repetitions, inversions. All this creates the illusion of the absence of preliminary thinking about the statement, which is characteristic of oral speech.
Means of artistic representation: epithets (annoying couch), comparisons (lying quietly, as if stiff), metaphors, hyperboles - artistic exaggeration (left-handed vision; the time that Ataman Platov spent on the annoying couch, etc.); litotes – understatement (flea); the size of horseshoes and nails made by the hands of Tula craftsmen, etc.; antithesis (opinions of two Russian tsars, Alexander and Nikolai Pavlovich, about the talents of their subjects, gradation - arrangement of words and expressions in increasing or decreasing importance (flea - diamond nut - snuff box - casket);
(but there are few such examples in the tale, since the narration is similar to oral speech).
The author widely uses words created according to the principle of folk etymology in the tale. The essence of this principle is the “revoicing” of incomprehensible words, which is spontaneously carried out among the people, in the spoken language. A simple, uneducated person seems to have a new understanding of a word that is incomprehensible to him (mainly foreign) through the sound similarity of this word with words that are understandable and accessible to him. For example, not a microscope, but a microscope; not a barometer, but a boreometer, a “multiplication chisel,” ceramides, a water eye.
In “Lefty” there are also such means of artistic representation that are used in folklore, for example, in fairy tales.
Leskov's author's style is manifested in his excellent knowledge of the characteristic features of a living spoken language and the wide inclusion of words created on the principle of folk etymology, as one of the means of artistic expression.

Museum of N.S. Leskov

IN Orel residents call the high bank of the Orlik River in memory of the fellow countrymen writers Turgenev and Leskov “ Noble nest” and “Berezhkom non-lethal Golovan" Not far from here, in house nine on Oktyabrskaya Street (in the old days - Third Dvoryanskaya), on July 2, 1974, the only literary and memorial museum of Nikolai Semenovich Leskov was opened in the country, and throughout the world. The writer’s son and biographer, Andrei Nikolaevich Leskov, helped determine the location of his grandfather’s and father’s house.

Illustrations by various artists for the tale “Lefty”

Kuzmin Nikolay Vasilievich (1890 – 1987) Russian graphic artist, folk artist RSFSR.
In 1929–31, he was one of the leaders of the Thirteen group, which cultivated “tempo painting”, trying to express the dynamics of modern life.
The mastery of free, elegant stylized drawing (sometimes highlighted with watercolors), a subtle, witty interpretation of the style of the era and the emotional structure of the work, inventive humor and sharp satire - all this is characteristic of the illustrations for “Lefty” by N. S. Leskov (ed. 1955, 1961) and to other works of Russian classics.

Applications

M. I. Platov, ataman: biography.

Nikolay 1

House-Museum of N.S. Leskova in Orel

About some changes in comparison with the Unified State Exam-2012 The time for completing the work has been increased by 30 minutes (from 180 to 210). The format of task A 1 has been changed (the task on orthoepy remains, we are working with stress again, but now the distractors contain three words with the correct stress and one - with an incorrect answer) The range of answers to task A 20 has been expanded (an explanation for the placement of a comma or its absence before the conjunction I) The criteria for checking and assessing the completion of tasks with a detailed answer have been clarified (criterion K 1, to which a note has been added for experts: If the examinee has not formulated or formulated incorrectly (in one form or another in any part of the essay) one of the problems of the source text, then such work according to criteria K 1–K 4 is scored 0 points) is scored 0 points

Part A Task A 1 – “Orthoepic norms” In which word was there an error in the placement of stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel sound was incorrectly highlighted? 1) def. Is 2) cr. Ana 3) Osug village 4) angry. Upholster

Task A 2 - “Lexical norms (use of words)” In which answer option is the highlighted word used incorrectly? 1) We haven’t seen him for a LONG time, so now there wasn’t even anything to talk about. 2) Marat looked comical after visiting the cave. 3) There were ALL sorts of colorful objects on the table. 4) The trip to Ufa this time was more SUCCESSFUL.

Task A 3 – “Morphological norms” Give an example with an error in the formation of the word form. 1) a pair of shoes 2) walking down the street 3) with sixty million 4) the least successful attempt REPEAT: declension of numerals; declension of nouns having only form plural, as well as words denoting objects worn on the legs (stockings, socks, shoes, boots); rules for forming the plural form of some nouns (doctors, teachers, professors, etc.) comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives and adverbs

Task A 4 – “Syntactic norms (constructing a sentence with a gerund)” Indicate the grammatically correct continuation of the sentence. Arriving in Ishimbay, 1) I hope to see my old friends. 2) the city seemed completely different to me. 3) I want to go to the beach of the Tairuk River. 4) next stop – the city of Salavat.

Task A 5 – “Syntactic norms (norms of agreement and control, construction of sentences with homogeneous members, complex sentences)” Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm). 1) On both sides of the road leading to Ishimbay, willow grows and reeds rise above the swamp water. 2) Upon arrival in Ishimbay, we went in search of a suitable hotel. 3) A passerby asked me if I knew how to get to the editorial office of the Voskhod newspaper. 4) Each of the young Ishimbay residents who does not want to leave their small homeland chooses a local branch of UGATU or universities in neighboring Sterlitamak for study.

Task A 6 – “Grammar norms (syntactic norms)” In which sentence can the subordinate part of a complex sentence be replaced by a separate definition expressed by a participial phrase? 1) Nikita Marchenko, with whom we studied in the same group at the university, now works as a correspondent for the newspaper “Republic of Bashkortostan” 2) We got acquainted with all the sights that are in the directory about the city of Ishimbay: Victory Park, the monument to the discoverers of Bashkir oil, the “grandmother’s tower” . 3) The young man, for whom the teachers predicted a great scientific future, still has not even defended his Ph.D. thesis. 4) Friends spent a long time selecting a route that would suit all their friends.

Task A 7 - A 12 - work with the first text A 7 - Selection of a sentence that should be the first in this text. A 8 – Selection of words or phrases missing in one of the sentences of the text. A 9 – The grammatical (predicative) basis of a sentence, the subject and predicate as the main members of the sentence. A 10 – Syntactic analysis of a sentence. A 11 – Morphological analysis of the word. A 12 – Lexical meaning of the word.

Task A 7 – “Text. Semantic and compositional integrity of the text. Sequence of sentences in the text" TEXT: (1)… (2) It was about a means of braking aircraft that land on the deck of an aircraft carrier. (3)… the deck, even the deck of such a giant as an aircraft carrier, is far from an ideal airfield. (4) Its area is relatively small, and therefore it is difficult to take off from it, and even more difficult to land. (5) To prevent planes from jumping overboard, they had to be slowed down with rubber cords, parachutes and caught with brake nets. (6) This new installation was supposed to slow down airplanes with an electromagnetic field running towards them. Which of the following sentences should come first in this text? 1) After failure in aviation, the electric motor began to be tested in ground vehicles. 2) It is difficult to list all the areas of possible application of an electric motor. 3) About 30 years ago, a report appeared in the press about testing a new means of braking aircraft. 4) About 30 years ago they tried to use an electric motor as a means of braking an aircraft carrier.

Task A 8 - “Means of communication of sentences in the text” TEXT: (1)... (2) It was about a means of braking aircraft that land on the deck of an aircraft carrier. (3)… the deck, even the deck of such a giant as an aircraft carrier, is far from an ideal airfield. (4) Its area is relatively small, and therefore it is difficult to take off from it, and even more difficult to land. (5) To prevent planes from jumping overboard, they had to be slowed down with rubber cords, parachutes and caught with brake nets. (6) This new installation was supposed to slow down airplanes with an electromagnetic field running towards them. Which of the following words or combinations of words should be in place of the gap in the third sentence of the text? 1) In addition, 2) Thus, 3) On the contrary, 4) Of course,

Task A 9 – “The grammatical basis of a sentence” TEXT: (1)... (2) It was about a means of braking aircraft that land on the deck of an aircraft carrier. (3)… the deck, even the deck of such a giant as an aircraft carrier, is far from an ideal airfield. (4) Its area is relatively small, and therefore it is difficult to take off from it, and even more difficult to land. (5) To prevent planes from jumping overboard, they had to be slowed down with rubber cords, parachutes and caught with brake nets. (6) This new installation was supposed to slow down airplanes with an electromagnetic field running towards them. What combination of words is the grammatical basis in one of the sentences or in one of the parts of a complex sentence in the text? 1) it is difficult to take off and land (sentence 4) 2) planes had to be slowed down (sentence 5) 3) which land (sentence 2) 4) the installation should have been (sentence 6))

Task A 9 – continued Test takers are asked to find either a distractor in which the basis of the sentence is written, or to find an answer option in which the subject or predicate is correctly represented. REMEMBER: 1. In addition to the simple verbal predicate, there are compound verbal and compound nominal predicates! The most problems arise with the second type of predicate. Compare: I am proud of the teacher and I am a teacher 2. The subject can be expressed not only by a noun (in our example it is expressed by a conjunction word)! 3. Non-free phrases are one member of a sentence (two pop stars, a couple from Woland’s retinue, a beautiful girl, etc.)

Task A 10 – “Partactic analysis of a sentence” TEXT: (1)... (2) It was about a means of braking aircraft that land on the deck of an aircraft carrier. (3)… the deck, even the deck of such a giant as an aircraft carrier, is far from an ideal airfield. (4) Its area is relatively small, and therefore it is difficult to take off from it, and even more difficult to land. (5) To prevent planes from jumping overboard, they had to be slowed down with rubber cords, parachutes and caught with brake nets. (6) This new installation was supposed to slow down airplanes with an electromagnetic field running towards them. Indicate the correct characteristic of the fifth (5) sentence of the text. 1) simple complicated 2) complex 3) complex with conjunctional coordinating and non-conjunctive connections between parts 4) complex

Task A 10 - continued To complete task A 10, you do not need to know as much as to complete the syntax tasks in part B. It will be quite enough if we remember the following types of sentences: Simple sentences, complicated by participial and participial phrases, a homogeneous series, introductory words, separate applications and appeals. Complex non-union sentences. Complex sentences. Complex sentences.

Task A 11 – “Morphological analysis of a word” Indicate a sentence that contains possessive pronoun. 1) (4) Its area is relatively small, and therefore it is difficult to take off from it, and even more difficult to land. 2) (5) To prevent planes from jumping overboard, they had to be slowed down with rubber cords, parachutes and caught with brake nets. 3) (3)… the deck, even the deck of such a giant as an aircraft carrier, is far from an ideal airfield. 4) (6) This new installation was supposed to slow down airplanes with an electromagnetic field running towards them.

Task A 11 – continuation To complete this task, you must be able to distinguish from each other: passive and active participles, gerunds, verbal adjectives; comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives and adverbs; pronoun categories; qualitative, relative and possessive adjectives; and also know other parts of speech...

Task A 12 – “Lexical meaning of the word” Indicate in what meaning the word IDEAL is used in the third (3) sentence: (3)... the deck, even the deck of such a giant as an aircraft carrier, is far from an ideal airfield. 1) imaginary, invented 2) perfect, without flaws 3) ordinary, typical 4) specialized, intended for specific purposes

Task A 13 – “Spelling -N- and -NN- in suffixes of various parts of speech” Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers in whose place NN is written? The left-hander has absorbed many of the qualities inherent in Leskov’s righteous people: genuine(1) patriotism, the presence of clear moral(2) guidelines, tenacity of character, natural talent(3), keen interest in the life around him - “charm(4)ness” . 1) 1, 3 2) 1, 2, 3, 4 3) 1, 2, 4 4) 2, 3, 4

Task A 14 – “Spelling of roots” In which row in all words is the unstressed vowel of the root being tested missing? 1) ap. . lational, del. . kates, prot. . army 2) accl. . matize, art. . filmed (in means), calc. . tanning 3) act. . sight, metz. . nat, diff. . waving 4) skr. . bulging, created . vat, take out . sit

Task A 15 – “Spelling prefixes” In which row is the same letter missing in all three words? 1) ra. . concentrate, be. . promising, i. . languish 2) etc. add, etc. smart, etc. keep up 3) by. . stitch, on. . kidney gland, o. . dacha 4) post. . industrial, from. . say, over. . exquisite REMEMBER: CHARGE

Task A 16 – “Spelling personal endings of verbs and suffixes of present participles” In which row in both words is the letter I written in place of the gap? 1) remember . wow, view. . washed 2) breath. . bite, bite. . 3) vert. . Shouting, unbending. . washed 4) lele. . sew, spend. . gone

Task A 17 – “Spelling of suffixes of various parts of speech (except for -N-//-NN-)” Which answer option contains all the words where the letter I is missing? A. assidch. . vyy B. unfastened. . vat V. goldfinch. . cottony G. listen. . 1) A, B, D 2) A, B, C 3) C, D 4) A, C, D

Task A 18 – “Spelling NOT and NI” In which sentence is NOT spelled together with the word? 1) No traces were visible in the fresh snow. 2) Pavel Ivanovich’s facial features are (not) devoid of pleasantness. 3) In this (un)thinned forest, young trees grow slowly. 4) Nearby rustled reeds with tassels that had not yet blossomed.

Task A 19 – “Contiguous, hyphenated, separate writing” In which sentence are both highlighted words written together? 1) Nurtured by I. A. Goncharov (C) FOR several years, the new concept of “Oblomov” was (FINALLY) realized in July - August 1857, when the writer quickly created the second and third parts of the novel. 2) Ivan’s face (AS) LIKE it was petrified in its stern expression and (THAT) seemed to be carved from marble. 3) Pavel Petrovich was considered a proud man, but was respected for his aristocratic manners, for the fact that he (EVERYWHERE) carried with him a real silver travel case and a camp bathtub; he was respected SO (SAME) for his impeccable honesty. 4) Onegin, JUST like the hero of B. Constant, is smart, but is emphatically indifferent to the people around him and (YET) does not see anything in life worthy of his spiritual efforts. .

Task A 20 - “Punctuation in simple and complex sentences” Indicate the correct explanation for the placement of a comma or its absence in a sentence: The Symbolists and their followers - the Acmeists - saw in Tyutchev their forerunner () and continued Tyutchev’s poetic traditions. 1) A simple sentence with homogeneous members and a repeating conjunction; a comma is needed before the conjunction AND. 2) A simple sentence with homogeneous members, before the conjunction. And no comma is needed. 3) Complex sentence, before the conjunction And there is no need for a comma. 4) Complex sentence, before the conjunction And a comma is needed.

Task A 21 – “Punctuation marks in sentences with isolated members of the sentence (definitions, circumstances)” Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in sentences? The first exhibition of the Itinerants (1) opened in 1871 (2) convincingly demonstrated the existence in painting (3) of a direction (5) that was emerging throughout the 60s (4) that was new in outlook and means of representation. 1) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 2) 1, 2, 3, 4 3) 1, 2 4) 1, 2, 5

Task A 22 – “Punctuation marks in sentences with words and constructions that are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence” Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in sentences? And to the right, and to the left, and (1) it seems (2) lightning flashed right above the house. On this sunny day, everything around (3) seemed (4) joyful. 1) 1, 2, 3, 4 2) 1, 3 3) 3, 4 4) 1, 2

Task A 23 – “Punctuation marks in a simple complex sentence (homogeneous members of the sentence)” Indicate the sentence in which you need to put one comma. (No punctuation marks are placed) 1) The grandmother greased the rooster’s comb and beard and sprinkled millet on the floor. 2) We have already seen the distant factory chimney and the roofs of the houses. 3) Either measured and leisurely, or feverishly fast, or interrupting each other, the sounds of the drum came from the other bank. 4) Everything was already quiet, or it seemed so.

Task A 24 – “Punctuation marks in a non-union complex sentence” How to explain the placement of a colon in this sentence? The steppe is cheerfully replete with flowers: gorse turns bright yellow, bells turn modestly blue, wild carnations glow with crimson spots. 1) The generalizing word comes before homogeneous members of the sentence. 2) The second part of a complex sentence is opposed to what is said in the first part. 3) The first part of a complex sentence indicates the time of occurrence of what is said in the second part. 4) The second part of a complex sentence explains, reveals the content of what is said in the first part. MOST CORRECT ANSWERS - see example + “The second part of a non-union complex sentence indicates the reason for what is said in the first part”

Task A 25 – “Punctuation marks in a complex sentence” Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence? One of the largest aircraft (1) is the Airbus A-380 (2) whose engines (3) (4) have unique power. 1) 2 2) 1 3) 3 4) 1, 4 FORMULA FOR THE CORRECT ANSWER: k – 1 or k – 1 and k + 1, where k is the number next to (usually in front of) the conjunction word “WHICH”

Task A 26 – “Punctuation marks in a complex sentence with a conjunction and a non-conjunction; complex sentence with different types communications" Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence? The last meters of the path seemed especially difficult to Konstantin (1) but (2) when they were passed (3) and the mountain peak appeared (4) his soul felt very good. 1) 1, 2, 3, 4 2) 1, 2, 4 3) 1, 2, 3 4) 2, 3, 4

Task A 26 - continuation Most often in exams we will deal with sentences in which there should be commas in place of all the numbers. . . However, OFTEN and ALWAYS are not the same thing... To cope with this task, you need to learn to find the grammatical basis (then we will not put a comma before the conjunction AND, connecting homogeneous members of the sentence). But even in complex sentences, a comma is not always placed before the conjunction And: for example, it was not there in the previous example. In second place in terms of prevalence in KIMs are sentences in which commas are placed everywhere except the position after the coordinating conjunction (in these cases, without distorting the meaning and/or violating the syntax, it is impossible to omit part of the sentence from the number after the coordinating conjunction to the next number). For example, the writer’s imagination was crowded with a variety of ideas (1) and (2) if he forced himself to stop at one thing (3) by force of will, then he again did not know (4) what the beginning should be. (Answer: 1, 3, 4)

Task A 27 – “Information processing of written texts various styles and genres" Read the text In calm weather, the surface of the water is smooth enough to give a mirror reflection, so when we stand on the bank of a river in such weather, we see the trees on the other bank twice: firstly, the trees themselves, such as they are, and secondly, their reflections in the water. But as soon as the wind rises, the surface of the water ceases to be smooth and ripples appear. A large number of small waves send light in all directions, causing the reflection of the trees to blur and disappear. Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the main information contained in the text? 1) When we stand on the bank of a river in calm weather, we see the trees on the other bank twice: 2) 3) 4) the trees themselves and their reflections in the water, and the quality of their reflection improves in windy weather. As soon as the wind picks up, a large number of small waves appear, sending light in all directions, so the reflection of trees in the river is more clear in dry weather than in bad weather. In calm weather, the surface of the water is smooth, like a mirror, but as soon as the wind rises, ripples appear on its surface. The specular reflection of trees in a river can only be seen in calm weather on a smooth water surface, because the ripples created by the wind send light in all directions and the reflection disappears.

Task A 28 – “Text as a speech work; semantic and compositional integrity of the text" Which sentence of the text contains the answer to the question posed in the first sentence? FIRST SENTENCE: What is the category of beauty in literature? 1) (9) This depth of truth seen by the artist is aesthetic beauty in art. 2) (8) And yet literature is a second life, concentrated in time. 3) (13) The artist’s main tool is vision and hearing, realized in words, in thought. 4) (17) But the word itself cannot carry all the beauty or ugliness, it cannot be beautiful or bad, worn out or not worn out just because it expresses this or that concept.

Task A 28 - continuation Task A 28 - first of three types A, which is performed on the basis of the main source text (all tasks of type B are also performed on it and an essay is written). In tasks of type A 28, examinees are asked to find a sentence in which the author expresses his attitude to something, explains any actions, etc., and also lists statements and thoughts that correspond to the content of the text or contradict it. Almost everyone who is not in a hurry and reads the text carefully can cope with this task.

Task A 29 – “Styles and functional-semantic types of speech” Which of the following statements is erroneous? 1) 2) 3) 4) Sentences 8–10 contain reasoning ((8) And yet literature is a second life, concentrated in time. (9) This depth of truth seen by the artist is aesthetic beauty in art. (10) That beauty that makes us experience both a feeling of delight and a feeling of hatred.). Proposition 18 explains the statement expressed in sentence 17 ((17) But the word itself cannot carry all the beauty or ugliness, cannot be beautiful or bad, worn out or not worn out just because it expresses this or that concept. (18) Present the artist uses words, combinations of words as a necessity, as a tool, without which it is impossible to perform the miracle of knowledge.). Sentences 25–26 present a description ((25) The word is the artist’s own “I”, the realization of his perception. (26) But all people operate with words as the primary element of human communication, regardless of how endowed they are with a sense of harmony, depth and beauty .). Sentence 21 contains the substantiation of the statement made in sentence 20 ((20) Serious prose cannot set itself the goal of being exemplary, rationally constructed, so that the eye has nothing to catch on to. (21) This is false classical perfection (in the name of falsely understood beauty ) causes us gray boredom, our eyes indifferently glide over phrases, not dwelling on anything - we do not experience excitement.).

Task A 29 - continuation Narration - dynamics unfold in time) events (actions Description - static, picture (actions are not performed, but you can imagine the objects in question: portrait, landscape, etc.) Reasoning - the author’s conclusions, with which not everyone can agree (characteristic features - the presence of introductory words, beliefs, doubts)

Task A 30 – “Lexical meaning of a word” Indicate the sentence in which the phraseological unit is used. 1) (18) He was right, depressingly right... 2) (7) When they left, I turned to the foreman and praised his guys. 3) (6) They sat in front of me in their filthy overalls, but they were visible fashionable haircuts, they used words at the level of the highest education, it was difficult and interesting to talk with them. 4) (5) They were aware latest films and premieres that I had not yet seen, and new book releases that I had no idea about yet. You need to know what phraseological units, antonyms and synonyms (direct and contextual) are. In a small number of options there are tasks similar to A 12.

Task B 1 – “Basic methods of word formation” From sentences 19–21, write down the word formed by the prefix-suffix method. (19) For years there has been an undiminished queue at the Hermitage. (20) From morning to evening its halls are full of townspeople and visitors from afar. (21) Some of those who come here will actually get something for themselves, will be somehow excited by the works of great masters, but how many of them will come here to check in, to say that they were in the Hermitage, for prestige, how many of them will glide indifferently - with a calm look, remembering to know! Answer: FROM A FAR

Task B 2 – “Morphological analysis of a word” Write a short participle from sentences 12–18. (12) That’s how it is, and the foreman shook his head in agreement. (13) However, for your information, Ermakov is a golden man, one of the most honest and conscientious workers. (14) Someone you can rely on in any situation, a warm-hearted, sympathetic person, whose work, by the way, can never be checked. (15) Not like these fellows, poor fellows, somehow, just as soon as possible. (16) The foreman spoke about these three with pointed disdain; he was offended for Ermakov, and my assessments hurt him with injustice. (17) Later I had the opportunity to check his words. (18) He was right, depressingly right... Answer: OFFENDED

Task B 3 – “Phrase combination” From sentences 9–11, write down subordinating phrase with the CONCORDING connection. (9) Ermakov was a carpenter with whom I spoke before, and Ermakov really “did not produce”. (10) He didn’t read anything, didn’t see anything, didn’t strive for anything. (11) He was obviously one of those “goat slaughterers” who spend hours knocking in yards or playing cards. Answer: THOSE SLAUGHTERS

Task B 4 – “Proposal. The grammatical (predicative) basis of a sentence, the subject and predicate as the main members of the sentence. Two-part and one-part sentences” Among sentences 7–14, find a complex one, which includes one-part impersonal sentences. Write the number of this complex sentence. (7) When they left, I turned to the foreman and praised his guys. (8) “You liked it... but Ermakov didn’t produce it? “- he said somehow unpleasantly and mockingly. (9) Ermakov was a carpenter with whom I spoke before, and Ermakov really “did not produce”. (10) He didn’t read anything, didn’t see anything, didn’t strive for anything. (11) He was obviously one of those “goat slaughterers” who spend hours knocking in yards or playing cards. (12) That’s how it is, and the foreman shook his head in agreement. (13) However, for your information, Ermakov is a golden man, one of the most honest and conscientious workers. (14) Someone you can rely on in any situation, a warm-hearted, sympathetic person, whose work, by the way, can never be checked. Answer: 14

Task B 5 – “Complicated simple sentence” Among sentences 1–8, find a sentence with a separate agreed application. Write the number of this offer. (1) These three were lively, funny, sharp-tongued. (2) The conversation was about new books. (3) It was nice to hear how these guys, young builders, showed their taste and independent judgment. (4) They knew the poems of Bulat Okudzhava, they had already read new novel Gabriel Garcia Marquez. (5) They were aware of the latest films and premieres, which I had not yet seen, and new book releases, which I still had no idea about. (6) They sat in front of me in their filthy overalls, but their fashionable haircuts were visible, they used words at the level of the highest education, it was difficult and interesting to talk to them. (7) When they left, I turned to the foreman and praised his guys. (8) “You liked it... but Ermakov didn’t produce it? “- he said somehow unpleasantly and mockingly. Answer: 3

Task B 6 – “Complex sentence” Among sentences 1–8, find a complex sentence with an explanatory clause. Write the number of this offer. (1) These three were lively, funny, sharp-tongued. (2) The conversation was about new books. (3) It was nice to hear how these guys, young builders, showed their taste and independent judgment. (4) They knew the poems of Bulat Okudzhava and had already read the new novel by Gabriel Garcia Marquez. (5) They were aware of the latest films and premieres, which I had not yet seen, and new book releases, which I still had no idea about. (6) They sat in front of me in their filthy overalls, but their fashionable haircuts were visible, they used words at the level of the highest education, it was difficult and interesting to talk to them. (7) When they left, I turned to the foreman and praised his guys. (8) “You liked it... but Ermakov didn’t produce it? “- he said somehow unpleasantly and mockingly. Answer: 3

Task B 7 – “Means of connection between sentences in the text” Among sentences 21–25, find one that is connected with the previous ones using a personal pronoun. Write the number of this offer. (21) Some of those who come here will actually get something for themselves, will be somehow excited by the works of great masters, but how many will come here to check in, to say that they were in the Hermitage, for prestige, how many of them will glide indifferently calm glance, remembering to know! (22) Ermakov, he was not in the Hermitage at all, and he was not in Pavlovsk, and in Pushkin. (23) I was in Peterhof, I saw the fountains. (24) The enormous cultural and artistic life of a city like St. Petersburg passes by it. (25) But perhaps this frank disinterest is more honest than formal introduction to culture. Answer: 24

Task B 8 – “Speech, analysis of means of expression” Read a fragment of a review compiled on the basis of the text that you analyzed while completing tasks A 28–A 30, B 1–B 7. This fragment discusses language features text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the blanks with numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list. If you do not know which number from the list should be in the gap, write the number 0. Write the sequence of numbers in the order in which you wrote them in the text of the review in the gap in answer form No. 1 to the right of task number B 8, starting from the first cell. Write each number in a separate box in accordance with the samples given in the form. When listing numbers, separate them with commas. Place each comma in a separate box. Spaces are not used when writing answers.

Task B 8 – continuation “The text does not provide a direct answer to the question that worries D. Granin. However, the author’s attitude towards the characters is clearly visible. So, the techniques: _____ (“highest education” in sentence 6) and _____ (“did not produce” in sentences 8–9 ((8) “You liked it... but Ermakov, then, did not produce it?” he said somehow unpleasantly mockingly. (9) Ermakov was a carpenter with whom I spoke before, and Ermakov really “did not produce”), “rights” in sentence 18 ((18) He was right, depressingly right...)) - help the author evaluate the young builders and carpenter Ermakov. A syntactic device such as _____ (for example, in sentence 10 ((10) He didn’t read anything, didn’t see anything, didn’t strive for anything.)) helps to give a succinct characterization of Ermakov.)), and the trope is _____ (a warm-hearted person).” List of terms: 1) lexical repetition 6) epithet 2) vernacular 7) irony 3) dialectism 8) rhetorical appeal 4) litotes 9) opposition 5) homogeneous members of a sentence Answer: 7, 1, 5, 6

N.S. Leskov “Lefty” Test.

1. Which hero of the work “Lefty” is theshining the talent and hard work of the Russian peopleYes?

A)Platov

B)AlexanderI

IN)Lefty

G)Count Chernyshev

2. How long did it take for the Tula weaponsnicknames to fulfill the royal order?

A)3 days

B)1 month

IN)six months

G)2 weeks

3. As soon as the order from the king was received, the Tula people:

A)got to work without hesitation

b)disappeared because the order was impossible to fulfill

V)went to bow to Nicholas of the Miraclesto the vortsu

G)went to Moscow to convince imp.ratora cancel order

4. What happens to Lefty at the end of the story?

A)the British persuaded Lefty to stay with them

b)Lefty returns from England with honor

V)Lefty marries an Englishwoman and staysin a foreign land

G)Lefty dies, abandoned by everyone

5. Determine the genre of N.S.’s work. Leskova"Lefty."

A)short story

b)story

V)legend

G)tale

6. Lefty strives to surpass overseas skillsprimarily because:

A)ambitious

b)greedy

V)wants to please the emperor

G)wants to benefit his fatherland

7. Name the years of life of N. S. Leskov.

a) 1831 – 1895

b) 1820 – 1881

c) 1841 – 1896

d) 1814 – 1854

8. Indicate the correct definition of the genre of the tale.

A)a type of oral storytelling with fantasticChinese fiction, the forms of which are historicalki developed in the initial connection withmythology

b)the most extensive and voluminous formlyric-epic genre, which appeared in theperiod of transition from romanticism to realism

V)storytelling principle based on themtations of the character's speech manner - storychica lexically, syntactically, intonationIt is focused on oral speech

G)small form of narrative literaturery, in which an image of someor an episode from the life of a hero. Short-termnumber of events depicted, small numbercharacters - a feature of this genreditch form

9. In the work “Lefty” the narrative (in general)conducted in the language:

A)a person from a literary background

b)imitating the speech of a person from folkenvironment

V)person close to the imperial court

10. At the end of the work “Lefty” the author says: “AMay they bring Levsha’s words to the state in due time?giving - in Crimea we would be completely different from the enemy"It's been a turnaround." What a historical dogIs this what you meant?

A)Crimean campaigns of V.V. Golitsyn (1687,1689)

b)Crimean campaign 1853-1856

V)Russian-Turkish war 1828-1829.

G)annexation of Crimea to Russia in 1783

11. Who, along with Lefty, naively and comically embodiedDoes the people's spirit exist within you?

A)Platov

b)half skipper

V)pop Fedot

G)Martyn-Solsky

12. Name the main property of a Russian person(“Lefty”),

A)frivolity

b)laziness

V)love of freedom

G)asceticism

Answers

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

V

G

V

G

G

G

A

V

b

b

A

Lefties are unique people, no one has any doubt about this. They make up 10% of the world's population, but sometimes it seems that they are forgotten: let's remember all the “right-handed” gadgets, not everyone has conveniently equipped desktops, as well as cutlery that is designed for right-handed use.

What are the reasons for a person’s “left-handedness”?

Scientists do not give an exact answer to this question, but research indicates a close relationship between genetics and a person’s external environment. There is no exact data on the presence of “left-handed” genes in humans, but there is confirmation of the fact that left-handers usually have more “left-handed” relatives than right-handers. In addition, scientists have found differences in the structure of the cerebral hemispheres of left-handers and right-handers.

No matter what makes people use their left hand predominantly, tireless researchers have discovered a number of qualities that are unique to left-handed people.

We bring to the attention of all left-handers, as well as right-handers with “left-handed” and “equal-handed” habits (or with ambidexterity).

Review of facts and myths about left-handed people

1. Left-handed people are more prone to mental disorders

Lefties make up 10% of the population. However, according to research, this figure is higher in the group of people with mental disorders. Recent studies have shown that 20% of people prone to mental disorders prefer to use their left hand.

Researchers from Yale University (New Haven, Conn.) and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas examined 107 patients in outpatient psychiatric clinics. In the group with mild disorders, such as depression or bipolar affective disorder, 11% were left-handed. However, in the group with severe mental disorders, like schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder, the percentage of left-handers reached 40%. Scientists believe that interhemispheric asymmetry is important in this case.

2. Health may depend on a more developed hand

According to a study published in 2010 in the journal Pediatrics, left-handed people are more susceptible to dyslexia (the inability to learn to read and write), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and some other neurological disorders. Researchers cannot explain this phenomenon, but associate it with the interaction of neural connections in the human brain. The human brain consists of two hemispheres: left and right. Most people (both right-handed and left-handed) use the left hemisphere to master speech.

However, about 30% of left-handers either partially use the right hemisphere or do not have a dominant hemisphere at all. According to scientists, it is important that only one hemisphere is dominant, which is why left-handers can experience such mental disorders.

But lefties were luckier in other respects. According to a study published in the journal Laterality, left-handers are at lower risk of developing arthritis or ulcers.

3. Left-handers perceive speech differently

According to a study from Georgetown University Medical Center, left-handed people perceive rapidly changing sounds more easily than right-handed people.

Researchers have found that the left and right hemispheres respond differently to different sounds. The left hemisphere, which controls the right hand, is responsible for recognizing rapidly alternating sounds, like consonants, while the right hemisphere, which controls the left hand, is responsible for recognizing intonation modulations and slowly alternating sounds, like vowels.

According to researchers, when you wave a flag during a politician's speech, you will perceive his speech differently depending on which hand you hold the flag in.

This study can provide valuable assistance in curing stuttering or speech disorders.

4. And in the primitive age, left-handers were in the minority

“Right-handedness” is not a trend of our time: people used their right hand more confidently than their left more than 500 thousand years ago.

Researchers at the University of Kansas recently defined "handedness" ancient man on his jaw (which sounds pretty strange, doesn't it?). The study, published in the journal Laterality, found that when our great-great-great-great-grandfathers processed animal skins, they held one edge of the skin with their hand and the other with their teeth. By analyzing the wear of prehistoric jaws, scientists were able to determine which hand our ancestors used most actively. “One tooth is enough to determine whether a person is left-handed or right-handed,” researcher David Freyer told LiveScience.

And what is the verdict?

"Prehistoric creatures like modern people, used predominantly the right hand.”

5. Lefties are more sophisticated and artistic

Left-handed people have proudly claimed for years that they are more creative than right-handed people. But is this true? Does being left-handed really mean being more creative and proactive?

According to a study published in the American Journal of Psychology, left-handers do have at least one advantage in terms of creativity: they are better at divergent thinking, a way of thinking in which different solutions are generated simultaneously in the brain.

To determine how much more successful left-handers are in creativity compared to right-handers, representatives of the Left-Handers Club conducted a survey of more than 2,000 left-handers, right-handers and people with equal use of both hands. The study confirmed that left-handers are indeed more successful in terms of construction. careers in art, music, sports and information technology.

6. Vote for lefties!

It turns out that it doesn’t matter whether our politicians are “right” or “left”: unexpectedly, the highest percentage of US presidents are on the “left” side - not in terms of politics, of course.

The list of left-handed presidents is quite impressive. Let's take as an example the last four of the seven US commanders in chief - these are Presidents Barack Obama, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush and Gerald Ford (and let's remember in addition James Garfield and Harry Truman). There were rumors that Ronald Reagan was born left-handed, but at school strict teachers retrained him to be right-handed. Is it conceivable that right-handed presidents are simply pretending to be left-handed?

The growing number of left-handed presidents is probably just a coincidence. However, a recent study by Dutch scientists suggests that left-handed politicians have a clear advantage in televised debates. Guess why? Usually ordinary people associate gesturing with the right hand as “correct gestures”, “gestures of kindness”. Since the television broadcast works as a mirror image, gestures with the left hand are displayed in the eyes of the viewer as movements in positive side(towards the good).

7. Lefties win at sports

Golf legend Phil Mickelson, tennis star Rafael Nadal, boxing champion Oscar de la Goya - you have no idea how many of our sports favorites are left-handed!

If you believe the data in Rik Smits’ book “The Diverse World of Left-Handed People,” left-handed people really do have an advantage in combat sports. But only under the condition of one-on-one competition. For right-handers, the “left-handedness” of an opponent often turns out to be a surprise for which they are not prepared: for the most part, this applies to tennis, boxing and baseball.

8. Left-handers are more likely to get scared

According to the British Society of Psychology, left-handed people are more susceptible to fear than right-handed people.

In the study, participants watched an 8-minute episode from the movie “The Silence of the Lambs.” After viewing, left-handers showed more signs of post-traumatic stress disorder than right-handers and made more errors in describing what they saw.

“It turns out that left-handers, after experiencing stress (even if the stressful situation was in a movie), behave the same way as people after post-traumatic stress disorder,” said the head of the researchers, Caroline Choudgerry. She believes that the reasons lie in brain activity. “Obviously, that the two hemispheres of the brain react differently to stress, and the right hemisphere reacts more to the fear factor. However, more research is required before saying anything unambiguously,” she adds.

9. Lefties get angrier

If you have disagreements with your right-handed partner (he may be right about many things), the likely cause may be your left-handedness. According to a blitz study in the Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, left-handed people are more prone to feeling negative emotions, and they also tend to worry longer and delay reconciliation.

10. Lefties are easier to discourage

Lefties are much more prone to self-deprecation. Researchers from the University of Abertay in Scotland examined 46 left-handers and 66 right-handers for signs of impulsivity and self-control. It turned out that left-handers react more painfully to statements like “I am afraid of making a mistake” and “I am affected by criticism or ridicule.” The combination of responses from left-handers has led researchers to believe that left-handers are more vulnerable, shy and lacking in self-confidence compared to right-handers.

"Left-handers tend to be more hesitant and hesitant, while right-handers are more decisive and reckless in their decisions and actions," researcher Lynn Wright told BBC News.

11. Left-handed people are more likely to put it behind their collar.

Next time you're stuck at a bar with a tipsy friend, pay attention to which hand he's holding on to his whiskey glass: it'll probably be his left hand.

It has long been believed that left-handers are more prone to alcoholism. There were no reliable facts or convincing evidence on this matter. And only recently, a study conducted in 12 countries with the participation of 25 thousand people, clarified the situation a little. Left-handers do not make up the majority of alcoholics - but they do drink more and more often than right-handers.

According to Kevin Denny, a researcher who conducted a study of the tendency of left-handed people to alcoholism, the results of which were published in the British Journal of Health Psychology, the main goal of the study was to debunk the myth about the widespread alcoholism of left-handed people. “There is no evidence to suggest that left-handed people are necessarily more likely to drink excessively,” he says in a press release. “And there is no evidence to suggest that excessive cravings for drinking are caused by disharmony in the functioning of the brain hemispheres or stressful situations due to the social status of left-handers as a social minority.”

12. Lefties have their own day

Left-handers all over the world celebrate this day, which light hand The Left-Handed Club became an official holiday in the UK in 1992 to raise awareness of the lifestyle of left-handed people and their problems.

According to a statement on the initiative group’s website, “this holiday is a day when left-handers are proud of their “left-handedness” and try to convey to other fellow citizens all its advantages and disadvantages.”

How can right-handed people celebrate this day? Create a left-handed area: If you're in a business where a narrow left-handed line is possible, do it, design it, even if it's something small like office desks for left-handed employees or left-handed cutlery.

Indicate all the numbers in whose place NN is written.

Enter the numbers in ascending order.

The left-hander has absorbed many of the qualities inherent in Leskov’s righteous people: genuine(1) patriotism, the presence of clear moral(2) guidelines, tenacity of character, natural talent(3), keen interest in the life around him - “charm(4)ness” .

Explanation (see also Rule below).

Let's give the correct spelling.

Lefty has absorbed many of the qualities inherent in Leskov’s righteous men: genuine patriotism, the presence of clear moral guidelines, tenacity of character, natural talent, a keen interest in the life around him - “charm.”

In this sentence:

authentic - dictionary word;

moral - adjective with the suffix -ENN-;

Giftedness and Charm are nouns formed from the participles GIFTED and CHARMED, and they, in turn, from perfective verbs (GIFTED and CHARM).

Answer: 1234.

Answer: 1234

Rule: Task 15. Writing N and NN in words of different parts of speech

SPELLING -Н-/-НН- IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF SPEECH.

Traditionally, it is the most difficult topic for students, since the justified writing of N or NN is possible only with knowledge of morphological and word-formation laws. The "Help" material summarizes and systematizes all the rules of the topic N and NN from school textbooks and gives additional information from reference books by V.V. Lopatin and D.E. Rosenthal to the extent necessary to complete the Unified State Examination tasks.

14.1 N and NN in denominative adjectives (formed from nouns).

14.1.1 Two NNs in suffixes

NN is written in adjective suffixes, If:

1) the adjective is formed from a noun with a stem in N using the suffix N: foggyH+H → foggy; karmanN+N → pocket, cardboardN+N → cardboard

ancient (from old + N), picturesque (from picture + N), deep (from depth + N), outlandish (from outlandish + N), remarkable (from dozen + N), true (from truth + N), corvée ( from corvee + N), communal (from obshchNA + N), long (from length + N)

Please note: the word “strange” from the point of view of modern language does not contain the suffix N and is not related to the word “country”. But historically, NV can be explained: a person from a foreign country was considered a dissident, a stranger, an outsider.

The spelling of the word “genuine” can also be explained etymologically: genuine in Ancient Rus' the name was the truth that the defendant spoke “under long sticks” - special long sticks or whips.

2) the adjective is formed from the noun by adding the suffix -ENN-, -ONN: cranberry (cranberry), revolutionary (revolution), solemn (triumph).

Exception: windy (but: windless).

Please note:

There are adjective words in which N is part of the root. These words must be remembered. They were not formed from nouns:

crimson, green, spicy, drunk, porky, red, ruddy, young.

14.1.2. N is written in adjective suffixes

N is written in adjective suffixes, If:

1) the adjective has the suffix -IN- ( dove, mouse, nightingale, tiger). Words with this suffix often mean “whose”: dove, mouse, nightingale, tiger.

2) the adjective has the suffixes -AN-, -YAN- ( sandy, leathery, oatmeal, earthy). Words with this suffix often mean “made of something”: from sand, from leather, from oats, from earth.

Exceptions: GLASS, TIN, WOODEN.

14.2. N and NN in suffixes of words formed from verbs. Full forms.

As you know, both participles and adjectives (=verbal adjectives) can be formed from verbs. The rules for writing N and NN in these words are different.

14.2.1 НН in suffixes of full participles and verbal adjectives

In the suffixes of full participles and verbal adjectives, NN is written if AT LEAST ONE of the conditions is met:

1) the word is formed from a verb perfect form, WITH OR WITHOUT A PRESET, for example:

from verbs buy, redeem (what to do?, perfect form): bought, redeemed;

from verbs throw, abandon (what to do?, perfect form): abandoned-abandoned.

The prefix does NOT change the type of participle and does not affect the spelling of the suffix. Any other prefix gives the word a perfect form

2) the word has the suffixes -OVA-, -EVA- even in imperfect words ( MARINATED, PAVED, AUTOMATED).

3) with a word formed from a verb, there is a dependent word, that is, it forms a participial phrase, for example: Ice cream in the refrigerator, boiled in broth).

NOTE: In cases where the full participle turns into an adjective in a specific sentence, the spelling does not change. For example: Excited With this message, the father spoke loudly and did not hold back his emotions. The highlighted word is a participle in a participial phrase, excited how? with this message. We change the sentence: His face was EXCITED, and there is no longer a participle, there is no turnover, because the face cannot be “excited,” and this is an adjective. In such cases, they talk about the transition of participles into adjectives, but this fact does not affect the writing of NN.

More examples: The girl was very ORGANIZED And brought up. Here both words are adjectives. The girl was not “educated”, and she was always well-mannered; these are constant signs. Let's change the sentences: We were in a hurry to a meeting organized by our partners. Mom, who was brought up in strictness, raised us just as strictly.. And now the highlighted words are participles.

In such cases, in the explanation of the task we write: adjective formed from participle or adjective transferred from participle.

Exceptions: unexpected, unexpected, unseen, unheard of, accidental, slow, desperate, sacred, desired..

Please note to the fact that from a number of exceptions the words counted (minutes), done (indifference). These words are written in general rule.

Let's add some more words here:

forged, pecked, chewed eva/ova are part of the root, these are not suffixes to write NN. But when prefixes appear, they are written according to the general rule: Chewed, shod, pecked.

wounded is written one N. Compare: Wounded in battle(two N, because a dependent word appeared); Wounded, perfect appearance, there is a prefix).

clever, it is difficult to determine the type of word.

14.2. 2 One N in verbal adjectives

In suffixes of verbal adjectives, N is written if:

the word is formed from an imperfective verb, that is, answers the question what did you do with the item? and the word in the sentence has no dependent words.

stewed(it was stewed) meat,

shorn(they cut) their hair,

boiled(they boiled it) potatoes,

scrap(they broke it) line,

stained(it was stained) oak (dark as a result of special treatment),

BUT: As soon as these adjective words have a dependent word, they immediately become participles and are written with two N.

braised in the oven(it was stewed) meat,

recently cut(they cut) their hair,

steamed(they boiled it) potatoes.

DISTINGUISH between: participles (right) and adjectives (left) different meanings! Stressed vowels are highlighted in capital letters.

sworn brother, sworn sister- a person who is not biologically related to this person, but who agreed to a brotherly (sisterly) relationship voluntarily. - the address I gave;

planted father (playing the role of the parent of the bride or groom during the wedding ceremony). - seated at the table;

dowry (property given to the bride by her family for life in marriage) - a dowry of a chic look;

Betrothed (this is what the groom is called, from the word fate) - narrowed skirt, from the word narrow, make narrow)

Forgiveness Sunday (religious holiday) - forgiven by me;

pissing beauty(epithet, phraseological unit) - oil painting.

14.2.3. Writing N and NN in compound adjectives

As part of a compound word, the spelling verbal adjective doesn't change:

A) the first part is formed from imperfective verbs, which means we write N: plain dyed (paint), hot-rolled, homespun, variegated, gold-woven (weave); whole-cut cut), gold-forged (forge), little-traveled (ride), little-traveled (walk), little-worn (wear), lightly salted (salt), finely crushed (crushed), freshly quenched (quench), freshly frozen (freeze) and others.

b) the second part of a compound word is formed from a perfective prefix verb, which means we write NN: smooth O painted ( O paint), fresh for ice cream ( for freeze) etc.).

In the second part of complex formations N is written, although there is a prefix PERE-: Ironed-re-ironed, patched-re-patched, worn-worn, washed-rewashed, shot-re-shot, darned-redarned.

Thus, you can complete tasks according to the following algorithm:

14.3. N and NN in short adjectives and short participles

Both participles and adjectives have not only full, but also short forms.

Rule: In short participles one N is always written.

Rule: Short adjectives contain as many Ns as long adjectives.

But to apply the rules, you need distinguish between adjectives and participles.

DISTINGUISH between short adjectives and participles:

1) on the issue: short adjectives - what? what? what are they? what? what?, short participle - what is done? what's done? what has been done? what have been done?

2) by value(a short participle relates to an action, can be replaced with a verb; a short adjective characterizes the word being defined, but does not report the action);

3) by the presence of a dependent word(short adjectives do not and cannot have, short participles do).

Short participles	Short adjectives
written (story) m. genus; what's done? by whom?	the boy is educated (what?) - from the full form educated (what?)
written (book) g.rod; what's done? by whom?	the girl is educated (what?) - from the full form educated (what?)
written (essay) middle class; what was done? by whom?	the child is educated (what?) - from the full form educated (what?)
works written, many number; what have been done? by whom?	children are educated (what?) - fully educated (what?)

14.4. One or two Hs can also be written in adverbs.

In adverbs starting with -O/-E the same number of Ns are written as there are in the original word, For example: calmly with one H, as in an adjective calm suffix N; slowly with NN, as in an adjective slow NN; enthusiastically with NN, as in participle PASSIONATE NN.

Despite the apparent simplicity of this rule, there is a problem with distinguishing between adverbs, short participles and short adjectives. For example, in the word concentration (Н, НН)о it is impossible to choose one or another spelling WITHOUT knowing what this word is in a sentence or phrase.

DISTINGUISH between short adjectives, short participles and adverbs.

1) on the issue: short adjectives - what? what? what are they? what? what?, short participle - what is done? what's done? what has been done? what have been done? adverbs: how?

2) by value(a short participle relates to an action, can be replaced with a verb; a short adjective characterizes the word being defined, but does not report the action); adverb denotes a sign of an action, how it occurs)

3) by role in the sentence:(short adjectives and short participles are often predicates, but an adverb

refers to the verb and is a circumstance)

14.5. N and NN in nouns

1.In nouns (as well as in short adjectives and adverbs) the same number of N is written as in the adjectives (participles) from which they are formed:

NN	N
captive (captive)	oil worker (oil worker)
education (educated)	hotel (lounge)
exile (exiled)	windy (windy)
larch (deciduous)	confusion (confused)
pupil (educated)	spice (spicy)
humanity (humane)	sandstone (sandy)
eminence (sublime)	smokedness (smoked)
poise (balanced)	delicious ice cream (ice cream)
devotion (devoted)	peat bog (peat)

Words are formed from adjectives

relative from related, third-party from third-party, like-minded from like-minded, (malicious, complicit), placed from, drowned from drowned, number from number, compatriot from compatriot) and many others.

2. Nouns can also be formed from verbs and other nouns.

NN is written, one N is included in the root, and the other in the suffix.	N*
moshen/nick (from moshn, which meant bag, wallet)	toil/enik (from toil)
druzhin/nickname (from druzhin)	torment/enik (from torment)
malin/nik (raspberry)	powder/enitsa (from powder)
name day/nickname (name day)	childbirth (give birth)
betrayal/nickname (betrayal)	brother-in-law
nephew	var/enik (cook)
homeless	BUT: dowry (from give)
insomnia	student
aspen/nick	bessrebr/enik
ringing	silver/nick

Note on the table: *Words that are written with N and are not formed from adjectives (participles) are rare in the Russian language. They need to be learned by heart.

NN is also written in words traveler(from traveling) predecessor(precede)