* “Experience is the best teacher, but the tuition is too high” T. Carlyle Download

The list of works is small in volume, most of them are programmatic works that can be quickly re-read and remembered. Download

List of references for writing the final essay 2016-17.

Reason and feeling

• I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"
• N.M. Karamzin "Poor Liza"
• I.A. Bunin " Clean Monday»,
• A.M. Bitter " Old woman Izergil»,
• F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment", "Idiot"
• I. S. Turgenev "Asya"
• A. I. Kuprin "Olesya"
• I. A. Bunin " Dark alleys", "Natalie", " Sunstroke", "Easy Breathing"
• M. A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"
• Shakespeare "Hamlet"
• M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin “The Wise Minnow”
• A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"
• F.I. Tyutchev “Oh, how murderously we love...”
• L.N. Tolstoy "After the Ball"
• A.P. Chekhov "Ionych", "Man in a Case"
• M.Yu. Lermontov “Hero of Our Time”
• J. Austin "Sense and Sensibility" (the mind of Elinor and the feelings of Marianne);
• A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" (the mind of Onegin and Tatyana's feelings),
• A. de Saint-Exupery " The Little Prince"(everything in the Prince - both mind and feelings);
• V. Zakrutkin “Mother of Man” (feelings that conquered reason);
• A. and B. Strugatsky “Roadside Picnic” (work and relationships of Redrick Shewhart)
• F. Iskander "Dream about God and the Devil"
• L. Ulitskaya “Daughter of Bukhara” (Bukhara, mind and feelings together, feelings that move the mind)
• J. Moyes "Me Before You" (Will's mind and Louise's feelings)

Honor and dishonor

• A.S. Pushkin " Captain's daughter", "Eugene Onegin", "Station Warden"
• Jack London "White Fang"
• L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
• V.V. Bykov "Sotnikov"
• Anton Pavlovich Chekhov "Student"
• Valentin Grigorievich Rasputin "French Lessons", "Fire", "Women's Conversation", "Ivan's Daughter, Ivan's Mother"
• Viktor Petrovich Astafiev "Sad Detective"
• Oleg Olegovich Pavlov "End of the Century"
• N.V. Gogol " Taras Bulba»
• A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"

Victory and defeat

• E. Hemingway “The Old Man and the Sea”,
• B.L. Vasiliev “Not on the lists”
• EM. Remarque "All Quiet on the Western Front"
• V.P. Astafiev "Tsar Fish"
• Boris Lvovich Vasiliev "And the dawns here are quiet"
• Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov " White Guard"
• "The Tale of Igor's Campaign"
• A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"
• M.Yu. Lermontov "Borodino"
• M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man"

Experience and mistakes

• Jack London "Martin Eden"
• A.P. Chekhov "Ionych"
• M.A. Sholokhov " Quiet Don»,
• Henry Marsh "Do No Harm"
• Ivan Alekseevich Bunin "Mr. from San Francisco"
• Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov "Quiet Don"
• Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov "Woe from Wit"
• M. A. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita”, “ Heart of a Dog»
• I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"

Friendship and enmity

• M.Yu. Lermontov "Hero of Our Time"
• EM. Remarque "Three Comrades"
• Daniel Defoe "Robinson Crusoe"
• V.A. Kaverin "Two Captains"
• Nadezhda Borisovna Vasilyeva "Loon"
• Ivan Aleksandrovich Goncharov "Oblomov"
• Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy "War and Peace"
• Alexander Alexandrovich Fadeev "Destruction"
• Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"
• Daniel Pennac "Eye of the Wolf"
• Mikhail Yurievich Lermontov "Hero of Our Time"
• Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"
• F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

Arguments from short stories for essays

Direction "EXPERIENCE AND MISTAKES"

V. Oseeva. Grandma (abbreviated, read in 10 minutes).

N.D. Teleshov. White Heron (abbreviated, read in 7 minutes).

V. Oseeva. Why? (reads in 6 minutes)

B. Ekimov. Speak, mom, speak. (abbreviated, read in 5 minutes).

R. Bradbury. Vacations on Mars. October 2026 (abbreviated, read in 3 minutes).

I.Dick. Red Apples (read in 5 minutes).

K. Simonov. The major brought the boy on a gun carriage...(read in 3 minutes).

M.A. Sholokhov. Mole (abbreviated, read in 4 minutes).

V. Oseeva. The Red Cat (abbreviated, read in 10 minutes).

K.G. Paustovsky. Telegram (abbreviated, read in 8 minutes).

R. Bradbury. Veld. (abbreviated, read in 10 minutes).

V. Oseeva. Magic word. (reads in 3 minutes).

Yu. Drunina. Zinka (reads in 3 minutes).

A. Aleksin. Meanwhile, somewhere (abbreviated, read in 10 m

A.Mass. The Trap (abbreviated, read in 8 minutes).

B. Ekimov. Night of Healing (abridged, read in 4 minutes).

A.Mass. Difficult exam (abbreviated, read in 3 minutes).

V. Rasputin. French lessons (abbreviated, read in 8 minutes).

V.P. Aksenov. Breakfasts of the forty-third year (abbreviated, read in 6 minutes).

M.A. Sholokhov. The fate of a person (abbreviated, read in 5 minutes).

Direction "MIND AND FEELING"

A.S. Pushkin. Evgeny Onegin (fragment, read in 3 minutes).

A. Aleksin. Meanwhile, somewhere (fragment, read in 10 minutes).

A.Mass. Trap (fragment, read in 8 minutes).

B. Ekimov. Night of Healing (fragment, read in 4 minutes).

A.Mass. Difficult exam (fragment, read in 3 minutes).

N.V.Gogol. Taras Bulba (fragment, read in 8 minutes).

A. Likhanov. Labyrinth (fragment, read in 5 minutes).

V. Rasputin. French lessons (fragment, read in 8 minutes).

A.P. Chekhov. In the pharmacy (fragment, read in 4 minutes).

Direction "HONOR AND DISHONOR"

V.P. Aksenov. Breakfasts of the forty-third year (fragment, read in 6 minutes).

A.S. Pushkin. The Captain's Daughter (fragments, read in 12 minutes).

V. Bykov. Sotnikov (fragment, read in 7 minutes).

M.Yu. Lermontov. A song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, a young oprichnik and the daring merchant Kalashnikov (fragment, read in 5 minutes).

M.A. Sholokhov. The fate of a person (fragment, read in 5 minutes).

A. Likhanov. Clean pebbles (fragment, read in 10 minutes).

Direction "Friendship and enmity"

V.G. Korolenko "Children of the Dungeon"

The story of Valentin Petrovich Rasputin “I forgot to ask Lyoshka...”

EXAMPLES OF ARGUMENTS BY DIRECTIONS 2016

"Reason and Feeling"

N.S. Leskov "Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk"

Katerina Izmailova, the wife of a wealthy merchant, fell in love with an employee Sergei and was expecting a child from him. Fearing exposure and separation from her beloved, she uses it to kill her father-in-law and husband, and then little Fedya, her husband’s relative.

B. Ekimov “Night of Healing” Teenager Grisha, the hero of the story, came on vacation to his grandmother, who often screams, cries, and begs for help at night: every night she dreams that she has lost her cards and her children will remain hungry. Grisha does not shout to his grandmother: “Be silent!”, as his mother advised him to do, he acts with his mind: with compassion and love he cured her of terrible memories.

A. Kuprin " Garnet bracelet» For the little official Zheltkov, love for Princess Vera Sheina became the meaning of life, and his beloved woman became the one in whom “all the beauty of the earth was embodied.” This feeling helped him become morally superior to Bulat-Tuganovsky, Vera’s brother, who decided that with the help of the authorities it was possible to prohibit love.

Heroes: Rodion Raskolnikov

Literary example: Either an action is performed by a person driven by a feeling, or an action is performed under the influence of the character’s mind. The actions committed by Raskolnikov are usually generous and noble, while under the influence of reason the hero commits a crime (Raskolnikov was influenced by a rational idea and wanted to test it in practice). Raskolnikov instinctively left the money on the Marmeladovs’ windowsill, but then regretted it. The contrast between feelings and rational spheres is very important for the author, who understood personality as a combination of good and evil.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

On the pages of the world fiction The problem of the influence of a person’s feelings and mind comes up very often. So, for example, in Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy’s epic novel “War and Peace” two types of heroes appear: on the one hand, the impetuous Natasha Rostova, the sensitive Pierre Bezukhov, the fearless Nikolai Rostov, on the other, the arrogant and calculating Helen Kuragina and her callous brother Anatol. Many conflicts in the novel arise precisely from the excess of feelings of the characters, the ups and downs of which are very interesting to watch. A striking example of how an outburst of feelings, thoughtlessness, ardor of character, impatient youth influenced the fate of the heroes is the case of Natasha, because for her, funny and young, it was an incredibly long time to wait for her wedding with Andrei Bolkonsky, could she subdue her unexpectedly flared up feelings? feelings for Anatole the voice of reason? Here a real drama of the mind and feelings in the soul of the heroine unfolds before us; she faces a difficult choice: leave her fiancé and leave with Anatole or not give in to a momentary impulse and wait for Andrei. It was in favor of feelings that this difficult choice was made; only an accident prevented Natasha. We cannot blame the girl, knowing her impatient nature and thirst for love. It was Natasha’s impulse that was dictated by her feelings, after which she regretted her action when she analyzed it.

Heroes: Master, Margarita

Literary example: Love broke out between the Master and Margarita as soon as they saw each other: “So lightning strikes! This is how amazing a Finnish knife is!” The heroine loves the master with all her heart and breathes life into his apartment. She gives her inner strength and energy to her lover’s romance. The characters are very different. The master is calm and thoughtful. Margarita is strong and sharp. The master embodies reflection, thought, Margarita – action. They are so close spiritually that they simply cannot exist separately. Being insanely lonely before they met, the characters gain understanding, support, sincerity and warmth.

For example, in drama Alexander Nikolaevich Ostrovsky “Thunderstorm” at main character There is a struggle between the soul and the mind inside. Katerina loves Boris Diky madly and looks forward to meeting him. This tells us about the manifestation of feelings, but her mind screams at her that they cannot be together, because she has a husband. When Boris leaves, Katerina realizes that their relationship is hopeless and jumps off a cliff into the water. The heroine commits an act provoked by high feeling - love. The thoughtlessness of her absurd desire (it is not clear what?) led her to the creation of irreparable stupidity.

"Honor and Dishonor"

Honor is that high spiritual force that keeps a person from meanness, betrayal, lies and cowardice. This is the core that strengthens the choice of action when conscience is the judge. Life often tests people, presenting them with a choice - to act honorably and take the blow, or to be cowardly and go against their conscience in order to gain benefit and avoid troubles or even death. A person always has a choice and how he will act depends on his moral principles. The path of honor is difficult, but retreat from it, the loss of honor is even more painful. Dishonor is always punished. This is apparently the order of the higher powers.

Moral decay, the decline of moral principles leads to the collapse of both an individual and an entire nation. That is why the importance of the great Russian classical literature, which is a moral foundation and assistant for many generations of people. Vivid images created by writers with love and vitality as if they acquire materiality. They live among us and set an example of morality and honor.

The concept of honor is brought up in a person from childhood. Thus, in the story by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin “The Captain's Daughter” we see how this happens and what results it leads to.

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" Alexey Ivanovich Shvabrin is a nobleman, but he is dishonest: having wooed Masha Mironova and received a refusal, he takes revenge by speaking ill of her; During a duel with Grinev, he stabs him in the back. The complete loss of ideas about honor also predetermines social betrayal: as soon as the Belogorsk fortress falls to Pugachev, Shvabrin goes over to the side of the rebels.

In Russian literature there are many great works that can educate a person, make him better, cleaner. Reading the lines of Pushkin’s story “The Captain’s Daughter,” we, together with Pyotr Grinev, go through the path of trials, mistakes, the path of learning the truth, comprehending wisdom, love and mercy. It is no coincidence that the author introduces the story with an epigraph: “Take care of your honor from a young age.” When reading great lines, you want to follow this rule.

“The Death of a Poet” by M.Yu. Lermontov. Another brilliant poet M.Yu. Lermontov talks about Pushkin, who fell victim to dishonest and evil envious people. Defending the honor of his wife and his own, Pushkin challenged Dantes to a duel, whose dubious behavior could discredit the good name of the Pushkin couple. Alexander Sergeevich could not live “slandered by rumor” and put an end to dishonor at the cost of his own life.

The Poet's soul could not bear it

The shame of petty grievances,

He rebelled against the opinions of the world

Alone, as before... and killed!

But Pushkin’s “wonderful genius” illuminates with its radiant light the lives of many, many generations of descendants, and Dantes’ “empty heart” did not find happiness on earth and good memory after death. And as Lermontov said, “The executioners of Freedom, Genius and Glory” will not be able to wash away the righteous blood with their “black blood of the Poet!”

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

Literary example: Raskolnikov decides to commit a crime for the sake of his loved ones, driven by a thirst for revenge for all the disadvantaged and poor people of that time. He is guided by a great idea - to help all the humiliated, disadvantaged and abused by modern society. However, this desire is not realized in an entirely noble way. No solution was found to the problem of immorality and lawlessness. Raskolnikov became part of this world with its violations and dirt. HONOR: Sonya saved Raskolnikov from spiritual decline. This is the most important thing for the author. You can get lost and confused. But getting on the right path is a matter of honor.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" The duel between Pierre Bezukhov and Dolokhov, described by L.N. Tolstoy in the epic novel “War and Peace,” also deserves attention.

Pierre Bezukhov is a purely civilian man, prone to philosophical reflection, far from the bustle and strife of life. He didn't know how to use a weapon at all. But he wounds Dolokhov, a fearless warrior, in a duel. Here Tolstoy seems to confirm the idea that justice is being done and vice must be punished. At first, Pierre sincerely trusted Dolokhov, because, being an honest man, he could not assume dishonor in others. He brought him into his house, helped him with money in memory of an old friendship, and Dolokhov disgraced Bezukhov by seducing his wife. Pierre Bezukhov stood up for his honor, but, realizing that the stupid and cruel Helene does not deserve to be killed because of her, he repents of what happened. He thanks God for not killing the man. He is ready to repent before the duel, but not out of fear, but because he is confident in Helen’s guilt.

Tolstoy shows honor and dishonor by drawing images of two commanders, Kutuzov and Napoleon - the defender of the Fatherland and the invader. An invading enemy cannot be honest. The essence of his act is the seizure of someone else’s property that does not belong to him, as well as murder. Napoleon is depicted in the novel as selfish and narcissistic, arrogant and arrogant. He wanted to enslave the Russian people and laid claim to world domination. The figure of Kutuzov is opposite to Napoleon. He is depicted as the leader of a just people's war, connected with the people by close spiritual ties. This was his strength as a commander. Kutuzov's deep patriotic feelings, his love for the Russian people and hatred for the enemy, his closeness to the soldier distinguished him as a man of honor and high morality.

Tolstoy sees in the people the source of spirituality and morality necessary for the whole society. According to Tolstoy, those nobles who are closer to the people are moral and honest. They have a stronger sense of patriotism. And vice versa, those nobles who distance themselves from their people and abhor them are callous and soulless.

Honor: Natasha Rostova, Petya Rostov, Pierre Bezukhoe, Captain Timokhin, Vasily Denisov, Marya Bolkonskaya, Andrei Bolkonsky, Nikolai Rostov

Dishonor: Vasil Kuragin and his children: Helen, Ippolit and Anatol

Argument: Patriots are ready to fight the French. They want to liberate Russian lands. Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov, Vasily Denisov and captain Timokhin strived for this goal. For her sake, young Petya Rostov gives his life. Natasha Rostova and Marya Bolkonskaya wish for victory over the enemy with all their hearts. There is no reason to doubt the truth of the patriotic feelings that dominated the old Prince Bolkonsky, and Nikolai Rostov. At the same time, the writer convinces us of the complete lack of patriotism among people like Prince Vasily Kuragin and his children: Hippolyte, Anatole and Helen. It is not love for the Motherland (they do not have this love) that guide Boris Drubetskoy and Dolokhov when they join the active army. The first one studies the “unwritten chain of command” to make a career. The second tries to distinguish himself in order to quickly regain his officer rank, and then receive awards and ranks. A military official, Berg, in Moscow, abandoned by residents, buys things cheap...

M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"

Heroes: Woland, Master, Margarita

Literary example. Lies, fear and dishonor permeate the novel through and through. Everyone lies, is afraid and is disingenuous. Woland and his retinue bring out the lies of the townspeople, but immediately deceive everyone gathered at the variety show, masterfully playing on their passions. He deceives both the Master and Margarita, not allowing them to live even a day of the promised happy life in the basement. A deal with the devil is a grand deception, crowned with death. Both heroes, having served the evil one and having received from him a promise of fulfillment of desires, were poisoned on his instructions on the same day; they never had time to enjoy freedom.

A. Pushkin “The Captain's Daughter”(As you know, A. S. Pushkin died in a duel, fighting for the honor of his wife. M. Lermontov in his poem called the poet a “slave of honor.” The quarrel, the cause of which was the insulted honor of A. Pushkin, led to the death greatest writer. However, Alexander Sergeevich retained his honor and good name in the memory of people. In his story "The Captain's Daughter" Pushkin portrays Petrusha Grinev with high moral qualities. Peter did not sully his honor even in those cases when he could have paid for it with his head. He was a highly moral person worthy of respect and pride. He could not leave Shvabrin’s slander against Masha unpunished, so he challenged him to a duel. Grinev retained his honor even under pain of death).

M. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”(IN a short story Sholokhov touched upon the topic of honor. Andrei Sokolov - a simple Russian man, had a family, loving wife, children, your home. Everything collapsed in an instant, and the war was to blame. But nothing could break the true Russian spirit. Sokolov managed to endure all the hardships of the war with his head held high. One of main episodes Revealing the strength and persistent character of a person is the scene of the interrogation of Andrei by Muller. A weak, hungry soldier surpassed the fascist in fortitude. The refusal of the offer to drink German weapons for the victory came as a surprise to the Germans: “Why should I, a Russian soldier, drink German weapons for the victory?” The Nazis appreciated the courage of the Russian soldier, saying: “You are a brave soldier. I am also a soldier and I respect worthy opponents.” Sokolov’s strength of character aroused the respect of the Germans and they decided that this man deserved to live. Andrey Sokolov personifies honor and dignity. He is ready to give even his life for them.))

M. Lermontov. Novel "Hero of Our Time"(Pechorin knew about Grushnitsky’s intentions, but nevertheless did not wish him harm. An act worthy of respect. Grushnitsky, on the contrary, committed dishonest act, offering Pechorin an unloaded weapon in a duel).

M. Lermontov “Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich...”. (Lermontov talks about the permissiveness of people in power. This is Kiribeevich, who encroached on his married wife. Laws are not written for him, he is not afraid of anything, even Tsar Ivan the Terrible supports him, so he agrees to fight with the merchant Kalashnikov. Merchant Stepan Paramonovich Kalashnikov is a man of truth, a faithful husband and a loving father. And even despite the risk of losing to Kiribeevich, he challenged him to a fist fight for the honor of his wife Alena. By killing the guardsman, Merchant Kalashnikov aroused the wrath of the tsar, who ordered him to be hanged. Of course, Stepan. Paramonovich could have given in to the tsar and avoided his death, but for him the honor of his family turned out to be more valuable. Using the example of this hero, Lermontov showed true Russian character. common man honor - strong in spirit, unshakable, honest and noble.)

N. Gogol “Taras Bulba”. (Ostap accepted his death with dignity).

6. V. Rasputin “French Lessons”. (The boy Vova passes all tests with honor in order to get an education and become a man)

A. Pushkin “The Captain's Daughter”.(Shvabrin is a striking example of a person who has lost his dignity. He is the complete opposite of Grinev. This is a person for whom the concept of honor and nobility does not exist at all. He walked over the heads of others, overstepping himself in favor of his momentary desires. Popular rumor says: “Take care dress again, but honor from a young age." Once you have tarnished your honor, you are unlikely to ever be able to restore your good name.)

"Experience and mistakes"

A.P. Chekhov “Ionych” Doctor Startsev, a talented doctor in his youth,

Gradually getting rich, he becomes important and rude, he has only one passion in life - money.

B. Ekimov “Speak, mother, speak...” Old lady Katerina’s daughter lives in the city.

It’s hard for a mother to live alone on a farm, but her daughter bought her a mobile phone. Katerina wanted to tell her daughter a lot, but she, saving money, got away with only a request to talk specifically about health. But the little things in the life of the mother, the closest person, are also important. Fortunately, her daughter realized her mistake in time, and Katerina immediately felt how much she loved her daughter, how much she needed to communicate with her.

V. Tendryakov “Nakhodka”

The gloomy, stern fisheries inspector Trofim Rusanov found an abandoned newborn child in a remote forest hut. The inspector was unable to save the baby, but this incident and subsequent events forced him to reconsider his attitude towards people and sympathize with them.

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

Heroes: Rodion Raskolnikov

Literary example: Raskolnikov’s theory is anti-human in its essence. The hero reflects not so much on the possibility of murder as such, but on the relativity of moral laws; but does not take into account the fact that the “ordinary” is not capable of becoming a “superman”. Thus, Rodion Raskolnikov becomes a victim of his own theory. The idea of ​​permissiveness leads to the destruction of the human personality or the creation of monsters. The fallacy of the theory is exposed, which is the essence of the conflict in Dostoevsky’s novel.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

Argument: While living in France, Pierre became imbued with the ideas of Freemasonry; it seemed to Pierre that he had found like-minded people, that with their help he could change the world for the better. But soon he became disillusioned with Freemasonry.

Pierre Bezukhov is still very young and inexperienced, he is looking for the purpose of his life, but comes to the conclusion that nothing can be changed in this world and falls under the bad influence of Kuragin and Dolokhov. Pierre begins to “waste his life”, spending his time on balls and social evenings. Kuragin marries him to Helen. Bezukhov was inspired by passion for Helen Kuragina, he rejoiced at the happiness of marrying her. But after some time, Pierre noticed that Helen was just a beautiful doll with an icy heart. Marriage to Helen Kuragina brought Pierre Bezukhov only pain and disappointment in the female sex. Tired of a wild life, Pierre is eager to get to work. He begins to carry out reforms in his lands.

Pierre found his happiness in marriage with Natasha Rostova. A long path of wandering, sometimes erroneous, sometimes funny and absurd, nevertheless led Pierre Bezukhov to the truth. We can say that the end of Pierre’s life quest is good, because he achieved the goal that he initially pursued. He tried to change this world for the better.

M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"

Heroes: Pontius Pilate

Literary example: Pilate does not dare to go against the will of the Sanhedrin; with the feeling of committing an irreparable mistake, he announces his decision to the crowd. After this fatal act, terrible thoughts flash through the head of the hegemon: “Immortality... Immortality has come... Whose immortality has come?” The hero was doomed to eternal suffering. After the execution of the innocent Yeshua, Pilate is tormented by terrible remorse. He clearly feels his mistake, but is no longer able to correct anything: “It was clear to him that this afternoon he had irrevocably missed something, and now he wants to correct what he missed with some small and insignificant, and most importantly, belated actions.” .

"Victory and Defeat"

V.G. Korolenko “Paradox” (victory over oneself)

Jan Załuski is crippled, but he believes that “man is created for happiness, like a bird is created for flight.” The hero's innate misfortune forced him to learn to masterfully, paradoxically control his body, surprising those around him and making them believe that every person is the creator of his own happiness.

A.P. Chekhov "The Jumper"(victory over the disease) Doctor Dymov, saving a boy suffering from diphtheria, sucks out diphtheria films from him through a tube, becomes infected himself, and then dies.

B. Vasiliev “And the dawns here are quiet”(victory in the battle with the Germans, at the cost of the lives of female anti-aircraft gunners who were not afraid of the numerical superiority of the enemy. The Great Patriotic War is a glorious and at the same time tragic page in the history of Russia. How many millions of lives it claimed! How many people became heroes defending their Motherland!

The war has no woman's face- this is the leitmotif of B. Vasiliev’s story “And Here They Are Quiet.” A woman, whose natural destiny is to give life, to be the keeper of the family hearth, to personify tenderness and love, puts on soldier’s boots, a uniform, takes up a weapon and goes to kill. What could be worse?

Five girls - Zhenya Komelkova, Rita Osyanina, Galina Chetvertak, Sonya Gurvich, Liza Brichkina - died in the war against the Nazis. Everyone had their own dreams, each wanted love, and just life. (“...I lived all nineteen years in the feeling of tomorrow.”)

But the war took all this away from them. (“After all, it was so stupid, so absurd and implausible to die at nineteen.”)

Heroines die in different ways. So, Zhenya Komelkova accomplishes a true feat, leading the Germans away from her comrades, and Galya Chetvertak, simply frightened of the Germans, screams in horror and runs away from them. But we understand each of them. War is a terrible thing, and the fact that they went to the front voluntarily, knowing that death could await them, is already a feat of these young, fragile, gentle girls.

Yes, the girls died, the lives of five people were cut short - this, of course, is a defeat. It is no coincidence that Vaskov, this battle-hardened man, is crying; it is no coincidence that his terrible face, filled with hatred, causes horror among the fascists. He, alone, captured several people! But still, this is a victory—a victory for the moral spirit of the Soviet people, their unshakable faith, their perseverance and heroism. And Rita Osyanina’s son, who became an officer, is a continuation of life. And if life continues, this is already a victory - a victory over death!

B. Polevoy “The Tale of a Real Man” Pilot Alexey Maresyev, hero of the story,

It was only thanks to his will and courage that he survived even after his frostbitten legs were amputated when he crawled towards ours behind enemy lines. The hero subsequently returned to his squadron, proving to everyone that he had control over his destiny.

E. Hemingway "Undefeated" The old matador, for the sake of a piece of bread and out of professional feeling, does not want to admit that he is disabled. He enters the arena and even seriously wounded by the bull remains undefeated to the end.

E. Hemingway “The Old Man and the Sea” The old fisherman Santiago is one of the indomitable breed of people. “Man was not created to fail,” he says. His fight with the big fish is an example of unbending courage, perseverance, and invincibility.

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

Heroes: Rodion Raskolnikov, Sonya Marmeladova

Literary example: In the novel, Dostoevsky leaves victory not for the strong and proud Raskolnikov, but for Sonya, seeing in her the highest truth: suffering purifies. Sonya professes moral ideals that, from the writer’s point of view, are closest to the broad masses of the people: the ideals of humility, forgiveness, and obedience. “Crime and Punishment” contains a deep truth about the unbearability of life in a capitalist society, where the Luzhins and Svidrigailovs win with their hypocrisy, meanness, selfishness, as well as a truth that evokes not a feeling of hopelessness, but an irreconcilable hatred of the world of hypocrisy.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

Victory: Battle of Shengraben. French army outnumbered the Russians. One hundred thousand versus thirty-five. The Russian army led by Kutuzov won a small victory at Krems and had to move to Znaim to escape. Kutuzov no longer trusted his allies. The Austrian army, without waiting for reinforcements from Russian troops, launched an attack on the French, but seeing their superiority, capitulated. Kutuzov had to retreat, because the inequality of forces did not bode well. The only salvation was to get to Znaim before the French. But the Russian road was longer and more difficult. Then Kutuzov decides to send Bagration’s vanguard to cross the enemy, so that he can detain the enemy as best he can. And here chance saved the Russians. The French envoy Murat, seeing Bagration's detachment, decided that this was the entire Russian army, and proposed a truce for three days. Kutuzov took advantage of this “rest”. Of course, Napoleon immediately realized the deception, but while his messenger was traveling to the army, Kutuzov had already managed to get to Znaim. When Bagration's vanguard went into retreat, Tushin's small battery, stationed near the village of Shengraben, was forgotten and abandoned by the Russians.

Defeat: Battle of Austerlitz. The Austrian military leaders took on the main role in waging this war, especially since the battles took place on Austrian territory. And the battle near the town of Austerlitz in the novel “War and Peace” was also thought out and planned by the Austrian General Weyrother. Weyrother did not consider it necessary to take into account the opinion of Kutuzov or anyone else.

The military council before the Battle of Austerlitz resembles not a council, but an exhibition of vanities; all disputes were conducted not with the goal of achieving a better and correct solution, but, as Tolstoy writes: “... it was obvious that the purpose... of the objections was mainly the desire to make people feel to General Weyrother, as self-confidently as to schoolchildren reading his disposition, that he was dealing not only with fools, but with people who could teach him in military affairs.” Having made several useless attempts to change the situation, Kutuzov slept the entire time the council lasted. Tolstoy clearly makes it clear how much Kutuzov is disgusted by all this pomposity and complacency; the old general understands perfectly well that the battle will be lost.

Conclusion: The history of mankind consists of victories and defeats in wars. In the novel War and Peace, Tolstoy describes the participation of Russia and Austria in the war against Napoleon. Thanks to Russian troops, the Battle of Schöngraben was won, and this gave strength and inspiration to the sovereigns of Russia and Austria. Blinded by victories, occupied mainly with narcissism, holding military parades and balls, these two men led their armies to defeat at Austerlitz. The Battle of Austerlitz in Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” became decisive in the war of the “three emperors”. Tolstoy shows the two emperors at first as pompous and self-righteous, and after their defeat as confused and unhappy people. Napoleon managed to outwit and defeat the Russian-Austrian army. The emperors fled the battlefield, and after the battle ended, Emperor Franz decided to submit to Napoleon on his terms.

M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"

Heroes: Pontius Pilate

Literary example: In a dream, the procurator gives the impression of a completely different person. Pilate agrees with Yeshua’s thought that they will now always be together. The procurator ceases to feel the disgust that arose in him in relation to everything that was connected with the teachings of Jesus.

Once a person gains wealth, he immediately begins to fear losing it.

The dream allows Pilate to do something that he could not decide to do in life. Literary critics often evaluate Pilate’s dream, his walk along the “moon road” as the highest victory of man over himself.

"Friendship and Enmity"

Friends are always ready to help and save. (Example: friendship of A. S. Pushkin with lyceum students. The poet in the poem “October 19” wrote:

My friends, our union is wonderful!

He, like the soul, is indivisible and eternal...)

Friendship between Pushkin and Pushchin /Analysis of Pushkin’s poem “I. I. Pushchin"

Among his lyceum friends, Alexander Pushkin especially singled out Ivan Pushchin, with whom the poet had a very warm and trusting relationship. Last time friends met just before these tragic events, in the winter of 1825. Ivan Pushchin came to him in Mikhailovskoye to brighten up his loneliness and distract the author from gloomy thoughts about his own fate. At this moment, his best friend morally supported Pushkin, who was on the verge of despair, believing that his career was ruined and his life was hopeless. Therefore, when Pushchin found himself in a similar situation, the author considered it his duty to send him an encouraging poetic message, in which he admitted: “I pray to holy providence.” By this, the poet wanted to emphasize that he was not only worried about the fate of his friend, but also believed that his sacrifice was not made to society in vain, and future generations will be able to appreciate this selfless act.

Pushkin took the separation from his friend very hard, and subsequently addressed him several more poems. H

N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba"» central character story, believed that partnership is higher than family, higher than kinship by blood, higher than everything earthly.

D. London “In a distant land”, “Love of life”. Comradely support is, according to the writer, the decisive condition for victory over nature. The morality of the North is based on trust and mutual honesty. Harsh conditions reveal the true value of a person. A coward, an insignificant person, according to the author, is more likely to die than a brave one. This is how the gold miners who lost their composure die in the short story “In a Distant Land” and Bill, who abandoned his comrade, in the story “Love of Life”

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

Heroes: Rodion Raskolnikov, Dmitry Prokofievich Razumikhin

Literary example: FRIENDSHIP: Dostoevsky introduces the character of Dmitry Prokofievich Razumikhin into the novel. This is Rodion's faithful friend at the university who supports him. The friendship of Raskolnikov and Razumikhin is contrasted in the novel with showing the disunity of people in general. Razumikhin and Raskolnikov are opposed with the help of their speaking names(“reason” - “schism”) according to the principle of attitude to life. These friends also have something in common, which brought them together: they are smart, educated, deep, noble young people capable of sincere feelings.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

One of the central lines of the novel, one of the greatest values, according to Tolstoy, is, of course, the friendship of Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov. They are both alien to the society in which they find themselves. Both of them are higher than him in their thoughts and moral values, but it takes Pierre a while to understand this. Andrei is confident in his own, special destiny, and an empty, unchanging life is not for him. He is trying to convince Pierre, who is the only one he respects in that environment due to the contrast with the empty elite, to stay away from this life. But Pierre is still convinced of this on his own, from his own experience. It is difficult for him, so simple and unpretentious, to resist temptation. The friendship of Andrei and Pierre can be considered true, beautiful and immortal, because the soil on which it stood was the most worthy and noble. There was not an iota of self-seeking in this friendship, and neither money nor influence were a guideline for any of them, either in their relationships or in the lives of each individual. This is what should unite people if they live in a society where all feelings can be bought and sold so cold-bloodedly.

Fortunately, in Tolstoy’s novel these heroes found each other, thereby finding salvation from moral loneliness and finding worthy soil for the development of morality and real ideas that should not be lost at least by a minority of people.

M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"

Heroes: Master, members of MASSOLIT

Literary example. Due to the fault of MASSOLIT members - representatives of the literary elite - the Master's novel was not published. Because of them, he burned the work he had been creating for so long. And it is they who are to blame for the fact that the Master is in a mental hospital. After futile attempts, he had nothing left. Ivan Bezdomny is a typical representative of the elite literary world. And this world is hated not only by the hero of the novel, but also by the author himself. The master is overcome by apathy, and, hating manifest enemies, he does not strive to confront the essential enemies, he is completely obsessed.

In the novel Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin “Dubrovsky”“We see two old friends - Kirila Petrovich Troekurov and Andrei Gavrilovich Dubrovsky. They were once service comrades. Dubrovsky was distinguished by his pride and decisiveness of character, for which Troekurov valued and respected him. Andrei Gavrilovich was an interesting conversationalist, and Kirila Petrovich was bored when his colleague was not around. The author explained their friendship by the fact that they were both the same age, had the same upbringing, were widowed early and raised one child each. All this brought them closer. All the neighboring landowners were jealous of their harmony and friendship.

But one day in their friendly relations there came a time of discord and terrible, cruel enmity. This happened when Paramoshka, the landowner’s servant, insulted Troekurov during an inspection of Troyekurov’s favorite kennel.

Dubrovsky, humiliated his dignity. “An unexpected incident upset and changed everything.” After leaving Pokrovskoye, Andrei Gavrilovich demanded that the servant appear at trial. But the wayward rich man did not want to seriously look into this, but began to mercilessly take revenge on Dubrovsky, humiliating him even more. Why did this friendship turn out to be fragile? Why did such a gap arise between former friends? Troekurov's wealth and nobility, his arrogance and arrogance did not allow him to stop and think about

everything that happened. And the landowner’s temper and ardor added fuel to the fire. And the murderous revenge began... Satisfied with the thirst for revenge, Troekurov understands what he has done. Having come to his senses, Troekurov wanted to correct this situation. But it was too late. He drove his friend to madness and death. Reading the novel by A. S. Pushkin, we are once again convinced that any enmity does not do good.

In the novel M.Yu. Lermontov "Hero of Our Time"“We also see an example of friendship and enmity in the relationship between Pechorin and Grushnitsky. They are peers, colleagues. Pechorin states: “In friendship, one is the slave of another.” Slave relationships cannot support friendship, it is humiliating. In their hearts, the heroes do not have warm relations towards each other. Pechorin is merciless towards Grushnitsky, he does not know how to

forgive weaknesses, confident, reasonable, selfish, sarcastic. He sees right through Grushnitsky and laughs at him. Is this a friendly relationship? “I understood him, and he doesn’t love me for it, although

outwardly we are on friendly terms.” And we are once again convinced that friendship really needs the manifestation of good human feelings and qualities, and sincerity. And Grushnitsky? A completely different person:

enthusiastic, soft-bodied, does not have bright features, envious, vain, malicious, verbose. “He speaks quickly and pretentiously.” Grushnitsky is a cadet, he is twenty-one years old. How can we call the relationship of these characters?

Their confrontation with M.Yu. Lermontov shows in the chapter “Princess Mary”. The gap in the relationship between the young people becomes wider, hostility increases when Princess Mary becomes interested in Pechorin. The duel is

ending in a relationship. Pechorin kills his ex-friend. What's the matter? What is the reason for such a sad outcome? There can be no slavish relations in friendship. We understand that a person must first of all be a friend. But Pechorin did not have this understanding, so he had no real friends. Only warm human relationships strengthen friendship, and do not turn it into enmity.

A.I. Pristavkin “The golden cloud spent the night”

War. This is the most difficult test for people, especially for children. It is children who are the main characters of A. Pristavkin’s work “The Golden Cloud Spent the Night”

The cause of any war is enmity. It is precisely this that makes people cruel and soulless, and it is in war that many of a person’s moral qualities and the beauty of his soul are often revealed.

The main characters of the story are Kuzmina Kolka and Sashka, brothers, pupils of an orphanage. Their orphanage resettled to the North Caucasus, which had just been liberated from the Germans. Mass resettlement of peoples was carried out during the war, in 1943-1944.

The reader sees what is happening through children's eyes. Children value people based on whether their food was taken away from them or not; They don’t understand why children from the carriage passing by are stretching out their hands and asking for something, and there are tears in their eyes. They cannot understand why people are so cruel. Let us remember the terrible picture when Kolka saw his executed brother.

For children, there is no division of people by nationality. Good means your own, evil, cruel means your enemy. It is no coincidence that Kolka and the eleven-year-old Chechen boy Alkhuzor become friends. Both of them are lonely and unhappy, they found spiritual closeness and support from each other. And what does it matter that one is Russian and the other is Chechen? They became friends. Grief brought them closer. In the orphanage where the children ended up, there was the Crimean Tatar Musa, and the German Lida Gross “from the big river,” and the Nogai Balbek. All of them were united by a common terrible fate. They were drawn into the whirlpool of the problems of adults, witnesses to the extermination of peoples, enmity between them, it was they who experienced all the horrors of this struggle of adults.

The world of hostility is scary. He destroys people's destinies. It is necessary to stop hostility, be tolerant towards people, and not allow the destruction of one’s own people - the author calls for this. “There are no bad nations, there are only bad people,” teacher Regina Petrovna will say.

Children's souls are so pure and innocent, like “golden clouds”, they are able to understand each other. It’s scary if these “clouds” break on the top of the cliff - on the indifference and cruelty of people.

Adults could adopt from children the desire to live in friendship and understand how terrible enmity is. “I think that all people are brothers,” Sashka will say, and they will sail far, far away, to where the mountains descend into the sea and people have never heard of a war, where brother kills brother.

A.M. Gorky “Childhood”

Alexey Peshkov, the main character of A.M. Gorky’s story “Childhood,” was left without parents early on. Life in the house of his grandfather Kashirin was difficult. “Strange Life” here began to remind him of a “harsh fairy tale”, “well told by a kind, but painfully truthful genius.” Constant hostility surrounded the boy in the house. “Grandfather’s house is filled with the hot fog of mutual enmity of everyone with everyone.” Relations between the adults - Alyosha’s uncles - and between their children were far from family and friendly. The uncles were waiting for their share of the inheritance, they were always quarreling, and the children were not far behind them. Constant complaints, denunciations, the desire to hurt someone else, the pleasure felt from the fact that someone feels bad - this is the environment in which the hero lived. There was no talk of any friendship with cousins.

However, here too there were people to whom Alyosha was drawn. This is the blind master Grigory, whom the boy sincerely pities, and the apprentice Tsyganok, for whom his grandfather prophesied a great future (Tsyganok died while carrying an unbearable cross to the grave of the boy’s grandfather’s wife), and Good Deed, who taught him to read.

His grandmother, Akulina Ivanovna, a kind, intelligent, cheerful woman, became a true friend for Alyosha, despite her hard life, despite the fact that she was always beaten by her husband. Her eyes shone with an “unquenchable, cheerful and warm light.” It was as if he had been sleeping before her, “hidden in the dark,” and she woke her up, brought her into the light, and immediately became a friend for life, the closest, most understandable and dear person.

There was a lot of enmity around the boy. But there is also a lot of kindness and understanding. It was precisely his friendly relations with people that prevented his soul from hardening. Alyosha became a kind, sensitive, compassionate person. Friendship can help a person in difficult times to preserve the best moral human qualities.

It all starts from childhood. It is so important during this period that children are surrounded by kind, decent people, because it largely depends on them how the child will grow up. The author leads readers to this conclusion.

DIRECTIONS OF THE FINAL ESSAY - 2016-2017

1. "Reason and Feeling"
2. "Honor and Dishonor"
3. "Victory and defeat"
4. "Experience and mistakes"
5. "Friendship and enmity."

1. "Reason and Feeling". The direction involves thinking about reason and feeling as two important components inner world a person that influences his aspirations and actions. Reason and feeling can be considered both in harmonious unity and in complex confrontation that constitutes the internal conflict of the individual.
The topic of reason and feeling is interesting for writers different cultures and eras: heroes literary works often find themselves faced with a choice between the dictates of feeling and the prompting of reason.

2. "Honor and dishonor." The direction is based on polar concepts associated with a person’s choice: to be faithful to the voice of conscience, to follow moral principles, or to follow the path of betrayal, lies and hypocrisy.
Many writers focused their attention on depicting various manifestations of man: from loyalty to moral rules to various forms of compromise with conscience, right up to the deep moral decline of the individual.

3. "Victory and defeat". The direction allows you to think about victory and defeat in different aspects: socio-historical, moral-philosophical, psychological. Reasoning can be associated both with external conflict events in the life of a person, country, world, and with a person’s internal struggle with himself, its causes and results.
Literary works often show the ambiguity and relativity of the concepts of “victory” and “defeat” in different historical conditions and life situations.

4. “Experience and mistakes.” Within the framework of the direction, discussions are possible about the value of the spiritual and practical experience of an individual, a people, humanity as a whole, about the cost of mistakes on the path to understanding the world, gaining life experience.
Literature often makes you think about the relationship between experience and mistakes: about experience that prevents mistakes, about mistakes without which it is impossible to move along the path of life, and about irreparable, tragic mistakes.

5. "Friendship and enmity." The direction focuses on reasoning about the value of human friendship, about ways to achieve mutual understanding between individuals, their communities and even entire nations, as well as about the origins and consequences of hostility between them.
The content of many literary works is associated with the warmth of human relationships or the hostility of people, with the development of friendship into enmity or vice versa, with the image of a person who is capable or incapable of valuing friendship, who knows how to overcome conflicts or who sows enmity.

When compiling topics for the final essay, the following requirements are met:

• compliance with open thematic areas;
• ensuring the supra-subject nature of the final essay (topics should not be aimed at literary analysis of a particular work);
• ensuring the literary-centric nature of the final essay (topics should provide an opportunity for a wide selection of literary material for argumentation);
• focus on reasoning (presence of a problem in the formulation);
• compliance with the age characteristics of graduates, the time allotted for writing an essay (3 hours 55 minutes);
• clarity, literacy and variety of wording of essay topics.

• A person who betrayed his loved one can be called dishonest
• True personality traits are revealed in difficult life situations
• Sometimes actions that seem dishonest at first glance turn out to be necessary
• A man of honor will not betray his moral principles even in the face of death
• War brings out dishonest people
• Actions done out of anger and envy are always dishonorable
• Honor must be defended
• A dishonest person sooner or later receives retribution for his actions
• A person who betrays his moral principles is dishonest

Arguments

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter". In the work we see two completely opposite heroes: Pyotr Grinev and Alexey Shvabrin. For Petr Grinev, the concept of honor is key when making important decisions. He does not betray his principles even when he is threatened with execution: the hero refuses to swear allegiance to Pugachev. He decides to rescue Masha Mironova from Belogorsk fortress captured by the enemy, although it is very dangerous. When Pyotr Grinev is arrested, he tells the whole truth, but does not mention Marya Ivanovna, so as not to spoil her already miserable life. Alexey Shvabrin is a cowardly person, capable of doing vile things, looking for more favorable conditions for himself. He takes revenge on Masha Mironova for refusing to marry him, at the first opportunity he goes over to Pugachev’s side, and in a duel with Pyotr Grinev he shoots in the back. All this suggests that he is a dishonest person.

A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin". Evgeny Onegin does not perceive Tatyana Larina’s letter telling about her feelings as something serious. After the duel with Lensky, the hero leaves the village. Tatyana’s feelings do not subside; she thinks about Evgeniy all the time. Time passes. On one of social evenings Evgeny Onegin appears, to whom society is still alien. There he sees Tatiana. The hero explains himself to her, Tatyana also confesses her love for Onegin, but she cannot betray her husband. In this situation, Tatyana maintains her honor and dignity, respecting own desires, but high moral principles.

A.S. Pushkin "Mozart and Salieri". The great composer Mozart was given a gift from above. Salieri is a hard worker who has achieved success through many years of work. Out of envy, Salieri decides to do not only a dishonest, but also an inhumane act - he throws poison into Mozart's glass. Left alone, Salieri comprehends Mozart’s words about the incompatibility of villainy and genius. He cries, but does not repent. Salieri is glad that he fulfilled his “duty.”

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". Speaking of dishonor, it is impossible not to turn to the Kuragin family. All members of this family are immoral, devoted only to money, and only outwardly seem to be patriots. Trying to get at least part of Pierre Bezukhov's inheritance, Prince Vasily decides to marry him to his daughter Helen. She cheats on the honest, devoted, good-natured Pierre, without feeling any remorse. Anatol Kuragin commits an equally disgusting act: being married, he attracts the attention of Natasha Rostova and prepares an escape attempt, which ends in failure. Reading the work, we understand that such dishonest people cannot be truly happy. Their successes are temporary. True happiness comes from heroes like Pierre Bezukhov: moral, true to their word, truly loving their Motherland.

N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba". Andriy, the son of Taras Bulba, betrays his father and homeland: unable to resist the power of love for a Polish woman, he goes over to the side of the enemy and fights against those whom he only recently considered comrades. Old Taras kills his son because he cannot forgive him for this dishonorable act. Ostap, the eldest son of Taras Bulba, shows himself completely differently. He fights the enemy to the last, dies in terrible agony, but remains true to his moral principles.

A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm". Katerina, who grew up in an atmosphere of love and care, cannot live well with a weak-willed husband and a wayward Kabanikha. The girl falls in love with Boris, this brings her both happiness and sorrow. Katerina's betrayal is a betrayal that she cannot survive as a moral person. The heroine decides to commit suicide, knowing that she has committed a grave sin that an already terrible society will not forgive. It is unlikely that Katerina can be called a dishonest person, despite the act she committed.

M. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man.” Andrei Sokolov, the main character of the work, is not without reason called a man of honor. His best moral qualities were revealed during the war, in captivity of the Germans. The hero told the truth about the work that the prisoners do. Someone reported on Andrei Sokolov, which is why Mueller called him. The German wanted to shoot the hero, but before his death he offered to drink “to the victory of German weapons.” Andrei Sokolov is a person incapable of such a dishonorable act, so he refused. He drank to his death, but did not eat, showing the strength of spirit of the Russian people. He refused to eat even after the second glass. Muller called Sokolov a worthy soldier and sent him back with bread and a piece of lard. For Andrei Sokolov, it was a matter of honor to share the food among everyone, despite the fact that he himself was very hungry.

N. Karamzin “Poor Liza.” Erast, a man of noble origin, falls in love with Lisa, an ordinary peasant woman. At first, the young man dreams of leaving his society for the sake of their future happiness. Lisa cannot help but believe him, she is so overcome by love that she without a doubt gives herself to Erast. But the flighty young man loses a large sum of money at cards and loses all his fortune. He decides to marry a rich widow, and Liza says that he is going to war. Isn't this a dishonorable act? When Lisa finds out about the deception, Erast tries to pay her off. The poor girl doesn’t need money, she doesn’t see the point in living and eventually dies.

V. Rasputin “French Lessons”. Young teacher Lidia Mikhailovna teaches French and is class teacher the main character of the work. When the boy comes to school beaten, the traitor Tishkin reveals that he is playing for money. The teacher is in no hurry to scold the hero. Little by little, Lidia Mikhailovna learns how difficult life is for the child: his home is far away, there is little food, and there is not enough money. The teacher tries to help by inviting the boy to play for money with her. On the one hand, her action is unacceptable. On the other hand, it cannot be called bad, because it was committed for a good purpose. The director finds out that Lidiya Mikhailovna is playing with a student for money and fires her. But it is clear that there is nothing to condemn the teacher for: a seemingly dishonest act actually brings goodness.

A.P. Chekhov "The Jumper". Olga Ivanovna is married to doctor Osip Ivanovich Dymov. Her husband loves her very much. He works hard to pay for his wife's hobbies. Olga Ivanovna meets the artist Ryabovsky and cheats on her husband. Dymov guesses about the betrayal, but does not show it, but tries to work even harder and harder. The relationship between Olga Ivanovna and Ryabovsky reaches a dead end. At this time, Dymov becomes infected with diphtheria while fulfilling his medical duty. When he dies, Olga Ivanovna understands how dishonest and immoral her behavior was. She admits that she has lost a truly worthy person.

Honor and dishonor.

Each of us has encountered people of honor. People who can selflessly help a person. Such people can come to the aid of even a stranger without demanding anything in return. But there is, and dark side honor, the one that gains its strength day by day. Dishonor is a negative quality of a person, which is expressed in meanness, deceit, deceit and betrayal. Dishonest people value only their ego; they help others for their own benefit. Can such people be trusted? Can you rely on them in difficult times? Of course not.

Today we understand that dishonor is growing, gaining momentum, while destroying the moral values ​​of a person. Nowadays it is difficult to find a person who will help, understand and console.

“Take care of your honor from a young age,” this is exactly the epigraph of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin’s story “The Captain’s Daughter.” The concept of honor became central to the work. Honor is decency, the moral purity of heroes, such as Pyotr Grinev, his parents, the entire family of Captain Mironov; This is military honor, loyalty to the oath, this, by and large, is love for the Motherland. The story contrasts Pyotr Grinev and Alexey Shvabrin. Both are young, of the noble class, officers, but how different they are in character and moral principles. Grinev is a man of honor, whether it concerns his relationship with Masha Mironova, or his loyalty to the oath, perseverance to the end during the Pugachev rebellion. Without honor and conscience Alexey Shvabrin. He is rude to Masha, it costs him nothing to go over to the rebels, violating the officer’s honor. Captain Mironov, commandant of the Belogorsk fortress, evokes deep sympathy. He did not lose his dignity, remained faithful to the oath, and did not bend his knee to Pugachev. In the Grinev family, the concept of honor was the basis of the character of Father Petrusha. Despite the fact that Peter, like all children, loved to play pranks, the main thing was brought up in him - human dignity, decency, and this is honor. The hero shows it by returning the gambling debt and not being humiliated by betrayal, as Shvabrin did.

Let us turn to the work “Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, the young guardsman and the daring merchant Kalashnikov” by Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov. The writer touches on one of the most important problems facing man - the problem of honor. How to protect the honor of yourself and your loved ones, no matter what, how to remain human in any situation?

The action takes place in the distant sixteenth century, during the reign of Ivan the Terrible, when the guardsmen could commit outrages, knowing that they would not be punished by the tsar. Kiribeevich is shown as such a guardsman, who, without thinking about the fate of the woman, Alena Dmitrievna, puts her in a terrible position. The neighbors see him trying to caress her - married woman, which in those years was considered the greatest sin. Shame on an innocent woman. Her husband, the merchant Kalashnikov, is outraged and challenges the guardsman to open battle. Defending the honor of his wife and family, he went to the duel, realizing that he would not have mercy from the king in any case. And here a duel is played out between truth, honor and dishonor. Because of a man devoid of morality, the noble Kalashnikov dies, his children are left without a father, and a young innocent girl is left a widow. So Kiribeevich ruined the life not only of himself, but also of the woman he loved. And all because of this, that a person who does not have spiritual values ​​will never be able to comprehend true love, which exalts one to good deeds, in which honor remains pure and innocent. This work teaches a lot: that you always need to defend the honor of your family and loved ones, and not to offend anyone.

In conclusion, I would like to call people to conscience. To what has always been the concept of honor. Honor is one of the highest moral qualities of a person. It is formed from childhood. After all, the basics human dignity- this is a long and thorny path from selfishness to the establishment of moral principles. The foundations of honor, etiquette and human dignity have been passed on from person to person, from generation to generation, and only the person himself chooses which moral ideals to choose as a guide in this life. So let us not be dishonest people, let us not become like those who have already been swallowed up by their own ego, selfishness and selfishness. After all, the manifestation of honor is a feat not only for oneself, but also for the whole world!

Dubrovny Egor

It is better to be poor with honor than rich with dishonor.

Honor... What is it? Honor is the moral qualities of a person, his principles worthy of respect and pride, this is a high spiritual force that can keep a person from meanness, betrayal, lies and cowardice. Without honor a man has no real life. It is better to be poor with honor than rich with dishonor.

Classics of world fiction have created many works that tell about heroes who have different attitudes to the concept of honor and dignity. Thus, in the prose poem “The Counterfeit Coin” by Charles Baudelaire, the meanness of man and the choice of dishonor are shown. Main character gives a poor man a counterfeit coin, not thinking that this unfortunate man might be arrested. An arrest was the least that could be done; he could have been flogged, beaten, or even simply killed. This poor fellow's life is already not so good, but it will become even worse. The man who gave this coin committed a dishonorable act; he chose wealth instead of honor, although one coin would not have made him poor. The author wants to convey to us the idea that it is unforgivable to be evil, and even worse - to do evil out of stupidity. This is the most dishonest thing! Even the most good deed in the depths there may be enormous meanness hidden.

In Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol’s poem “Dead Souls,” the main character Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov serves as a vivid example of dishonor. Throughout the poem he deceives people for his own benefit. Pavel Ivanovich wanted to get rich by buying up “dead souls.” These were documents for the ownership of peasants who died but were considered alive. Chichikov buys up “dead souls” in order to deceive the entire society. Pavel Ivanovich did not think about people, he blatantly lied to them and did everything for himself. Looking at these two examples, we see that more often people choose wealth. But I believe that it is better to be poor with honor than rich with dishonor.

“Honor is like a precious stone: the slightest spot takes away its shine and takes away all its value,” Edmond Pierre Beauchaine once said. Yes, this is indeed true. And everyone, sooner or later, will have to decide how to live - with honor or without it.

Cheboltasov Igor

Where do dishonest people come from?

Dishonor is a negative quality of a person, which is expressed in meanness, deceit, deceit and betrayal. It entails shame, destruction of oneself as an individual. Even in the most difficult moment, a person must continue to follow an honest path, without doubting for a second. From birth, parents raise their children to be honest, so where do dishonest people come from?

It seems that different answers can be given to this question, but I believe that dishonor is, first of all, a lack of respect for oneself and others. Therefore, it is very important that we understand that main value in life there are honor and conscience. But, unfortunately, not everyone understands this and chooses the wrong path. By committing any deception, we are approaching dishonor. And with each subsequent betrayal we become dishonest.

The theme of dishonor is touched upon in the story “The Captain's Daughter” by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. In this work, two heroes are contrasted: Pyotr Grinev and Alexey Shvabrin. You can judge a person by his actions in difficult times. For the heroes, the test was the capture of the Belogorsk fortress by Pugachev, where Shvabrin showed his dishonor. He saves his life by deception. We see him on the side of the rebels, while whispering something in Pugachev’s ear. Grinev is ready to share the fate of Captain Mironov and stand for his Motherland.

Let us turn to Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace”. The main character Anatol Kuragin is an irresponsible and hypocritical person. He does not think about the consequences of his actions, does not think about the future and does not pay attention to the opinions of others. Kuragin's dishonor is his desire to marry Marya Bolkonskaya because of her wealth. It shows how the hero, for his own good and his own benefit, is ready for any dishonorable act. The author wants to convey to us that a dishonest person is ready to commit a vile act for his own benefit.

Summarizing what has been said, we can conclude that dishonor means the loss of one’s moral character. Having acted dishonestly once, a person cannot stop, becoming a traitor and a liar. We often meet dishonest people these days, but we would like there to be as many honest people as possible.

Evstropova Victoria

How will a person prove himself in war - the most difficult test that fate has in store for him? Will he remain true to honor and moral principles, or will he cross the line beyond which - betrayal, meanness, shame, dishonor?

Andrei Sokolov in M. Sholokhov’s story “The Fate of a Man” is a generalized image of the Soviet people who survived the war, survived it, in spite of everything and against everything. It is no coincidence that the author gives this title to the story - he writes in it about a man during the war, about those people who remained faithful to duty and did not tarnish their honor. (“That’s why you’re a man, that’s why you’re a soldier, to endure everything, demolish everything if need calls for it.")
Every day in war is already a feat, a struggle for life, expelling enemies from their native land. Wasn’t it a feat when Andrei went on the attack, when he survived German captivity, defeating even his enemies (“I wanted to show them, damned, that although I’m disappearing from hunger, I’m not going to choke on their handout, that I have my own , Russian dignity and pride, and that they didn’t turn me into a beast, no matter how hard they tried.”)
Didn’t he accomplish a moral feat when, after the war, he remained a person who sympathized with others, who adopted the boy Vanyushka? Moral ideals and values, to which he was faithful to the end, helped Andrei remain a man of honor, not to lose his human dignity. (“Two orphaned people, two grains of sand, thrown into foreign lands by a military hurricane of unprecedented force... Is something waiting for them ahead? And I would like to think that this Russian man, a man of unbending will, will endure, and at his father’s shoulder will grow one who, having matured, will be able to endure everything, overcome everything on his way, if his Motherland calls him to it.”)
Unfortunately, the war also revealed the meanness of the souls of some people who, in order to save their lives, became traitors. Survival at any cost was the main thing for them. What honor and conscience can we talk about if death is nearby? This is what they thought in those minutes, crossing the line of decency and humanity. Let us remember the soldier who was ready to hand over his officer to the Germans just to stay alive (the episode in the church when Andrei was in captivity and killed this traitor: “For the first time in my life I killed, and then my own... But what kind of one is he? He’s thinner stranger, traitor.")
In war, a person's character was tested. Honor or dishonor, betrayal or heroism - what a person chose, it depended on those moral principles and ideals that underlay him life position. But we won the war because there were much fewer dishonest people. The people were united by the will to win, patriotism, and love for their homeland. The fate of a person and the fate of a country and people merged into one.

Arguments for the final essay.

1. A. Pushkin“The Captain's Daughter” (As you know, A. S. Pushkin died in a duel, fighting for the honor of his wife. M. Lermontov in his poem called the poet a “slave of honor.” The quarrel, the cause of which was the insulted honor of A. Pushkin, led to the death the greatest writer. However, Alexander Sergeevich retained his honor and good name in the memory of people.

In his story "The Captain's Daughter" Pushkin portrays Petrusha Grinev with high moral qualities. Peter did not sully his honor even in those cases when he could have paid for it with his head. He was a highly moral person worthy of respect and pride. He could not leave Shvabrin’s slander against Masha unpunished, so he challenged him to a duel. Grinev retained his honor even under pain of death).

2. M. Sholokhov“The Fate of a Man” (In a short story, Sholokhov touched on the topic of honor. Andrei Sokolov was a simple Russian man, he had a family, a loving wife, children, his own home. Everything collapsed in an instant, and the war was to blame. But nothing could break a real Russian spirit. Sokolov managed to endure all the hardships of the war with his head held high. One of the main episodes that reveals the strength and persistent character of a person is the scene of the interrogation of Andrei by Muller. The weak, hungry soldier surpassed the fascist in strength of spirit. unexpected for the Germans: “Why should I, a Russian soldier, drink to the victory of German weapons?” The Nazis appreciated the courage of the Russian soldier, saying: “You are a brave soldier. I am also a soldier and I respect worthy opponents.” Sokolov’s strength of character aroused the respect of the Germans and they decided, that this person deserves life. Andrei Sokolov personifies honor and dignity. He is ready to give even his life for them.))

3. M. Lermonotov. The novel “A Hero of Our Time” (Pechorin knew about Grushnitsky’s intentions, but nevertheless did not wish him harm. An act worthy of respect. Grushnitsky, on the contrary, committed a dishonorable act by offering Pechorin an unloaded weapon in a duel).

4. M. Lermonotov“Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich...”. (Lermontov talks about the permissiveness of people in power. This is Kiribeevich, who encroached on his married wife. Laws are not written for him, he is not afraid of anything, even Tsar Ivan the Terrible supports him, so he agrees to fight with the merchant Kalashnikov. Merchant Stepan Paramonovich Kalashnikov is a man of truth, a faithful husband and a loving father. And even despite the risk of losing to Kiribeevich, he challenged him to a fist fight for the honor of his wife Alena. By killing the guardsman, Merchant Kalashnikov aroused the wrath of the tsar, who ordered him to be hanged. Of course, Stepan. Paramonovich could have yielded to the tsar and avoided his death, but for him the honor of his family turned out to be more valuable. Using the example of this hero, Lermontov showed the true Russian character of a simple man of honor - strong in spirit, unshakable, honest and noble.)

5. N. Gogol"Taras Bulba". (Ostap accepted his death with dignity).

6. V.Rasputin"French Lessons". (The boy Vova passes all tests with honor in order to get an education and become a man)

6. A. Pushkin"The Captain's Daughter" (Shvabrin is a striking example of a person who has lost his dignity. He is the complete opposite of Grinev. This is a person for whom the concept of honor and nobility does not exist at all. He walked over the heads of others, overstepping himself in favor of his momentary desires. Popular rumor says: “Take care dress again, but honor from a young age." Once your honor has been tarnished, you are unlikely to ever be able to restore your good name.)

7. F.M. Dostoevsky“Crime and Punishment” (Raskolnikov is a murderer, but the dishonorable act was based on pure thoughts. What is it: honor or dishonor?)

8. F.M. Dostoevsky"Crime and Punishment". (Sonya Marmeladova sold herself, but did it for the sake of her family. What is this: honor or dishonor?)

9. F.M. Dostoevsky"Crime and Punishment". (Dunya was slandered. But her honor was restored. Honor is easy to lose.)

10. L.N. Tolstoy“War and Peace” (Having become the owner of a large inheritance, Bezukhov, with his honesty and faith in the kindness of people, falls into the net set by Prince Kuragin. His attempts to take possession of the inheritance failed, then he decided to get the money in another way. He married the young man to his daughter Helen , who had no feelings for her husband. In the good-natured and peace-loving Pierre, who learned about Helen’s betrayal with Dolokhov, anger began to boil and he challenged Fedor to battle. The duel showed Pierre’s courage. Thus, using the example of Pierre Bezukhov, Tolstoy showed the qualities that cause. respect. And the pathetic intrigues of Prince Kuragin, Helen and Dolokhov brought them only suffering. Lies, hypocrisy and sycophancy never bring real success, but they can tarnish a person’s honor and lose his dignity).