In addition to our will, a lot of sayings that we hear and see (for example, on advertising posters), statements of writers with whom we become acquainted in childhood settle in our memory. Expressions that are short quotes or generally go back to any literary work, as well as sayings belonging to or attributed to historical figures, political, public figures, generally famous people, included in our speech, are called catchphrases and are also studied by phraseology. The expression “winged word” itself goes back to the texts of Homer (“They exchanged winged words quietly among themselves”) and denotes a poetic image - human speech. Subsequently, the phrase became widespread in the science of language.

The sources of winged words are varied. First of all, this is literature; for the Russian language and verbal culture, Russian literature is of greatest interest.

For example: I'd be happy to serve, but being served is sickening(Griboyedov); Man in a case(Chekhov); There is no stronger beast than a cat(Krylov); I don't want to study, I want to get married(Fonvizin); Verify harmony with algebra(Pushkin); Wait a little, you can rest too!(Lermontov); Spread your thoughts across the tree(“The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”).

Expressions that go back to the works of foreign authors are common. For example, there are many popular words associated with the works of Shakespeare. Wed: She hasn't worn out her shoes yet(“She had not yet worn out the shoes in which she walked behind her husband’s coffin<...>Her treacherous tears The traces have not dried - she is the wife of another” (“Hamlet”); the quote is used to characterize female inconstancy or, in general, a rapid change of beliefs, unprincipledness);

To be or not to be– that's the question("Hamlet");

Horse! Horse! Half a kingdom for a horse!("Richard III");

Much ado about nothing(the title of a comedy that has become a proverb).

Many popular expressions go back to the Bible; they are called biblicalisms. Moreover, they often have a Church Slavonic form (the Church Slavonic language had a huge influence on the development of the Russian literary language).

Wed: hungry and thirsty; prodigal son; in the sweat of his brow; widow's mite; put your fingers into the ulcers; doctor, heal yourself; all sorts of vanity; let this cup pass from me; topic of the day; gnashing of teeth; massacre of the innocents; seek and ye shall find; cornerstone; scapegoat; white lie; hot spot; beat swords into plowshares; do not throw pearls before swine; there is nowhere to lay your head; poor in spirit; wash your hands etc.

It is significant that often the modern use of biblicalism diverges from its original (original) meaning. For example, the expression hot spot in the Bible it means a pleasant, abundant place, but in modern language it is used ironically, characterizing a place with a dubious reputation.

The original meaning of biblicalism may be obscured. Yes, the expression topic of the day (on the topic of the day) goes back to a more detailed gospel saying, which was often used in the texts of Russian writers of the 19th century in Church Slavonic form his wickedness prevails throughout the day, which literally means “there is enough for every day’s trouble.”

The composition of catchwords changes and is replenished. Here are examples of expressions that have entered the Russian language over the past 10–20 years:

Faculty of unnecessary things(the title of the novel by Yu. Dombrovsky);

Cold summer of '53(title of the film, script by E. Dubrovsky);

East– it's a delicate matter; Gulchatay, open your face; caviar again, if only I could buy some bread; It’s a shame for the state; customs gives the go-ahead(from the film “White Sun of the Desert”, script by V. Ezhov and R. Ibragimbekov, director V. Motyl);

Autumn Marathon(title of the film, script by A. Volodin);

We're sitting well(words from the same film);

Large giraffe– he knows better(V. Vysotsky);

Socialism with a human face(A. Dubcek);

Squad of my crazy thoughts(O. Gazmanov “Squadron”);

Fell– did push-ups(the phrase is attributed to the “doll” of General A. Lebed in the NTV television program “Dolls”);

Boris, you're wrong; I really want to work!(from the speech of E. Ligachev).

A feature of popular expressions is their speech variation, which is normal for their functioning. Thus, a statement from A. S. Griboedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit” At my age I should not dare to have my own opinion(Molchalin’s words) is used as follows:

The congress and session made active deputies... people who can always dare to have your judgment(“Lit. newspaper”);

Polemical notes on the local press: have your own opinion...("Is it true");

Your judgment?– have!(“Spark”).

A very commonly used expression is the words cut a window to Europe from the introduction to the poem by A. S. Pushkin “ Bronze Horseman»:

And he thought:

From here we will threaten the Swede.

The city will be founded here

To spite an arrogant neighbor.

Nature destined us here

Open a window to Europe,

Stand with a firm foot by the sea.

It is significant that the expression itself is “not quite” Pushkin’s. In the notes to the poem, Pushkin noted that the words belong to the Italian Algarotti: “Petersburg is the window through which Russia looks at Europe.” The expression received life in the language, but already as Pushkin’s. Its “modifications” are very diverse. Most common meaning “about the founding of St. Petersburg, which opened Russia’s path to Western Europe”:

Russia was forced by the course of historical events and the pressing economic demands of that time "cut through" off the coast of the Gulf of Finland “window to Europe” (M. S. Bunin. Bridges of Leningrad).

If Peter the Great cut a window to Europe, then yachtsmen of Peter the Great Bay make their way into the sailing world (M. Petrina. The sail is not alone).

The meaning of the expression is developing and expanding, so it is quite normative to use it when characterizing the foreign policy of Peter I:

With the hands of a carpenter, the king had the imagination and will of the present statesman. Opening a window to Europe, Peter wanted the prosperity of his country. Three hundred years ago, the Netherlands were among the first to say “yes” to Russia and today they answer the same way... (“St. Petersburg Gazette”).

The catchphrase can change while “remaining itself.” Of course, one can say that in this case there is a distortion of Pushkin, but such an assessment seems too categorical; the main judge here remains our linguistic taste, a sense of appropriateness. Wed:

Window open Peter, it was not only window to Europe, it was and window into life (I. Ehrenburg. For life);

“Crossing himself” and “with God” - the Russian swam out to sea, Andrei Bogolyubsky fled from Kyiv to Suzdal land, and Peter fled from Moscow to St. Petersburg, to meet the Dutch ships and cut a window to the West and the light (V.V. Rozanov. From the assessments of the Russian people);

Peter I looks at the results opening a window to Europe...(“Rush Hour”).

Often a word game arises, based on a literal understanding of the meaning of the words that make up the catchphrase:

The West notices that we are still looking at him, if not through the sight slot, then through hacked Peter the Great window, which has long been glazed over by the image of the enemy (“Interlocutor”);

He didn’t say it, but Kozma Prutkov could have said it: cutting a window to Europe, think about safety precautions, otherwise a building that is not very strong may collapse (“Moscow news”);

The change of situation also played a big role for the young poet. Foreign countries he visited. Not only The “window to Europe” has opened in front of him, but also heavy, shrouded in heat doors Africa and Latin America (V. Inber. Love of thought).

So, stable phrases are used to make speech more figurative, precise, and accurate. And although their use gives our language special expressiveness, we need to treat these means with caution and a sense of proportion. Phraseologisms, proverbs, sayings, and catchwords can be a source of speech errors, so attentiveness and accuracy are necessary, but not excessive, associated with a feeling of speech inferiority, fear of the word.

TASKS

1. Highlight the actual phraseological units and related phenomena. Distribute them into two groups.

How to give a drink, like two peas in a pod, red as a lobster, cunning as a fox, scream at the top of Ivanovo, strike, come to an agreement, let out a groan, give a lecture, consign to oblivion, fire a shot, put an end to it, just around the corner, good fellow, right hand, silver wedding, apoplexy, credentials, railway, cranium, auricle, gearbox, specific gravity, square, launch pad, center of gravity, Indian summer, guts, know ours, give the green light, despite the fact that, for nothing, in view of the fact that, since , squinting eyes, wasp waist, bosom friend, thick beard, infectious laugh, Fox Nose, Bermuda Triangle.

2. Form variants from the following phraseological units (for example: confusion of mind etc.).

3. Explain the associations given in the associative dictionaries of the Russian language (the word is called and after it - what appears first in memory). Identify the expression underlying the association.

Kopek → strangle; blood → with milk; forest → cut down; useless → monkey; oil → oil; soap → on an awl; gold → silence; sit down → not in your own sleigh; have → a hundred friends; fire → and sword; stay → on the beans; float → with the flow; show → Kuzka’s mother; muzzle → brick; eagle → high flying; strange → on your mind; seven → span; so → that way; fall → in my eyes; good → sitting; fall → from a cart.

4. Form a variant of the phraseological unit by replacing one of the components.

Seventh water on jelly, wash your face with tears, shake your mustache, a bear stepped on your ear, count the bones, put it on a fishing rod, boil the pot, touch your soul, take you by the throat, down the dog's tail, poke your eyes out, soap your neck.

5. Determine the optional (optional) component of the phraseological unit. What happens to the expression if this component is not used?

No be, no me, no crow; and he doesn’t blow his whistle; can't believe your ears; not a single glance; turn the soul inside out; tremble over every penny; ride your favorite horse; pound water in a mortar; penny price on market day; keep your pocket wider.

6. Change phraseological units so that they sound more modern.

Go to the backyard; let all the bells ring; and the whole song is short-lived; no cola, no yard, no chicken feather; neither fish, nor meat, nor caftan, nor cassock; not all are at home, half have gone; unprecedented words are like water off a duck's back.

7. Name a word that goes back to phraseology and has received independent use; determine its meaning, select synonymous expressions for it.

Go crazy, throw in the rod, repose into the kingdom of heaven, you live well, the bump is out of the blue.

8. Make up sentences with the following phraseological units:

Kolomna verst, grated kalach, put a pig, kill a worm, without a king in the head, swallowed like an arshin, like a gray gelding, fight like Sidorov's goat, cats scratch at the soul, damn it, even the guard screams, no matter how wrong, the cat cried.

9. Correct the highlighted expressions recorded in the media. Explain the reasons for speech inaccuracy.

Me in front of the management of "Radio "Maximum"" gave an ultimatum (“Radio “Maximum””); Everyone thought that Dima and I were a very beautiful couple, everyone was very jealous of us. We were always together, it seemed to me that I couldn’t live a minute without him. But here, how storm out of the blue, Dima was expelled from the institute and drafted into the army (“Kaleidoscope”); This example too pours water on my scales (oral speech); It’s customary here: you become a deputy and you promise a lot of boxes (“Radio “Petersburg””); From this situation I conclude that someone puts in V.V. Putin disservice (S. Stepashin); Finally this puzzle is unraveled : three bandits were detained, not working anywhere, repeatedly convicted of serious crimes (“Mosk. Komsomolets”); The culprit is corruption. Officials are robbing us - the Russian people - day and night... Can a State Duma deputy do at least something about this? It seems to me that a good half of these same deputies themselves - mug in fluff ... (“Nevsky Observer”. Letter from a reader); “Right Cause” has enemies in Irkutsk: this is the second time they have slinging mud at SPS leaders on large-format billboards (“Voter's Digest”); And I also have a question that I scalded by shock (NTV. “Voice of the People”).

10 . Evaluate statements from the modern press. Determine whether the highlighted words and expressions need to be corrected. Make corrections if necessary.

Power is everything alluvial . We must treat this with irony, realizing that a huge amount of incense refers to the position, not the person. And the position is transitory . (“AiF”); The British representative is clearly keen go down in history. But it is known that it is possible to get stuck (“Lit. newspaper”); Much less often and most often through clenched teeth I remember now that the Soviet-era dissident Solzhenitsyn remained, in fact, a dissident in of today's Russia(“St. Petersburg Gazette”).

11. Determine the strict (dictionary) form hidden behind the highlighted expression. Try to explain the reasons for speech changes and evaluate them.

I'm used to it cut the truth and... I'm not afraid of anything (A.P. Chekhov. Anniversary).

I hate truth-tellers from around the corner... They cut the truth behind your back. Pocket robespierres! (Yu. Bondarev. Relatives).

I hate this impudent manner speak, No – blurt out the truth. .. It seems like you're telling the truth, you'll hit the truth in the eyes, in the forehead– and you feel highly moral (Yu. Krelin. I want to be loved).

First... you they told the truth in a conversation with Dr. Konstantinova, then you cut during interrogations, and now she cut. In my opinion, you are already completely stabbed to death (A. Weiner, G. Weiner. Visit to the Minotaur).

You knock everyone over the head with global categories, on a universal scale. Tell me... how did you get into existence? you state the truth in our most liberal times? In your land of native birches... did you even move your little finger? (Yu. Bondarev. Choice).

Nature decreed that a person should love at a certain period of his life. This period has come, well love to the fullest (A.P. Chekhov).

beautiful night. There is not a cloud in the sky, but the moon is shining in all Ivanovo (A.P. Chekhov. Letter to A. N. Pletnev).

We have repeatedly attacked the lyrics with hostility, we are looking for precise and naked speech. But poetry is the most disgusting thing: There is also not even a kick in the tooth (V.V. Mayakovsky. Jubilee).

Rockets, as they say, are breathing their last breath. The storage period allowed by technical standards has expired. At any moment, shells can explode and lead to a catastrophe that is stunning in its consequences. (V. Tarasov. A crime is being committed).

13. Determine the origin of contamination. For example: pull the burden + eke out a miserable existence = to bear the burden.

"I personally on these cassettes up to the light bulb", - he said. "What does it mean to the light bulb? – Lagunov said sternly. – Choose your expressions (D. Granin. I'm going into a thunderstorm).

And you are forcing everything, and you are still involved in politics... You need to write good pictures, but your machinations bastard (A. N. Tolstoy. Egor Abazov).

Wasted gunpowder, young man. The story cannot be published. For one police officer for us they will prescribe Kuzka’s mother (K. Paustovsky. Golden Rose).

Our bright hubby, Ilya Antonich, will discuss everything with you and will pay you at least along the coffin boards (K. Fedin. Bonfire).

14. Continue the series of phraseological units that are similar in meaning.

in the blink of an eye, in an instant...

at full speed, at full speed, at full speed...

through thick and thin, ...

doesn't hold a candle...

soul wide open...

the veins are shaking...

cats scratch at my soul...

open your ears...

15 . Complete the expressions and explain them. If possible, give options (replace or change the word). For example: Ariadne... - Ariadne's thread - Ariadne's thread. Explanation: “A way to help get out of a difficult situation.” According to myth, Ariadne, the daughter of the Cretan king Minos, helped the Asrin hero Theseus, who killed the Minotaur (half-bull, half-man), to get out of the labyrinth with the help of a thread attached at the entrance"; Without year... – without a year (year) a week. Explanation: “Very recently, for a short period of time (to be, work, live, etc. somewhere). Often with a hint of disapproval." Try to give synonymous expressions.

To irritate... ; take the bull...; true story... ; in three pines... ; in the neck... ; lie down... ; wag... ; wolf... ; take it out... ; tremble over each... ; like twice... ; goosebumps run through... ; not from the world...; neither a candle to God, nor...; from basics to... ; invent...; king... ; trough...; attract by... ; from a cannon not...; small demon... ; tear at yourself...; take care as... ; the seventh water on... ; later... ; dot...; register...; that and...; filkina...; Thomas...; lump on... .

16. Using the original word, name several phraseological units that arise in your memory. For example: neck - neck soap, curl your neck; second - second youth, second nature, until the second coming. Explain them. If you have any difficulties, consult a dictionary.

At least... ; enter (enter) ... ; squeeze... ; wolf... ; eye... ; soul... ; seven... ; tooth... ; ear... ; trough... ; play... ; cork... ; skin... ; How... ; penny...; in full (all, all, all)... ; stone... ; Chinese... ; elbow... ; not from the timid... ; head... ; hare... ; leg... ; babble... ; roof... ; ostrich... ; nose... ; voice... ; water... ; Erema... ; Kuzma... ; Yuri...; Sidor... ; peas... ; Adam, Eve... ; Moscow... ; Kyiv... ; Monomakh... ; Herostratus....

17. Find popular expressions and determine their origin.

[Title] The Night Before Christmas in 1927 (“Ogonyok”).

Once he reaches known degrees, he automatically begins to “cut” [i.e. e. to interfere in other people’s affairs, to teach] in everything (“Lit. newspaper”).

[Title] Set dinner: treat or punishment? (“Lit. newspaper”).

Who's to blame? What to do? Where to start? These three “eternal” questions continue to haunt our public today (“Smena”).

This public garden is of civil type -

Freshly cut, light, through,

Everything from the cinema to the shooting range

Subordinate to one idea,

This one, with a fireproof office,

This fake marching path,

Leading to the fountain, which

No one will be able to shut up!

(E. Dyakova)

“Let's compliment each other...” These words should not be understood straightforwardly. Let's argue, but with a feeling of goodwill towards the interlocutor (“Lit. newspaper”).

[Title] The patient is more alive than dead. [In the text] Our medicine is on the road to recovery (“Evening Petersburg”).

And we, imbued with his concern, suddenly felt in the chief forester that person who considers himself responsible for everything... This is what it is, a fairy tale of the Russian forest (“Kome, Pravda”).

[Title] Oh, the security gets up early! [In text] On Sunday it will be forty-three years since the formation of the private security service (“Rush Hour”).

LITERATURE FOR DISCUSSION IN THE AUDIENCE

Bobunova M. A. You can’t cut it out with an ax // Russian speech. 1992 No. 5.

Gorlov V.V. Phraseologisms as a means of expressiveness on the pages of a newspaper // Russian language at school. 1992. No. 5–6.

Drovnikova L.N.“There are places to be... personalities” // Russian speech. 1998. No. 2.

Krivenko B.V. Phraseology and newspaper speech // Russian speech. 1993. No. 3.

Mokienko V. M. V Which screw up hit simpleton // Russian speech. 1992. No. 1.

Nefedeva L. I. Powers that be and those in power // Russian speech. 1999. No. 5.

EmirovaA. M. Phraseology of perestroika: themes and semantics // Russian language at school. 1990. No. 3.

B-1

1 “The Father of History” is usually called:

a) Polybius b) Herodotus

c) Homer c) Caesar

2.Which empire fell later than others?

a) Egyptian b) Persian

c) Macedonian c) Roman

3.The first alphabet was created:

a) Egyptians b) Romans

c) Phoenicians d) Chinese

4. This religion denies the inequality of people, calls for the renunciation of all desires, and preaches the idea of ​​​​transmigration of souls. Its founder is Prince Siddhartha Gautama.

c) Islam d) Buddhism

5. They called the policy:

a) a runaway slave

b) summer month

c) city-state

d) god of war among the Persians

6. Check out the term related to Roman military art:

a) phalanx b) trireme

c) arquebus c) legion

7.Note the name of the founder of the Roman Empire:

a) Romulus b) Cicero

b) Pompey c) Octavian Augustus

8. Paper was invented in the 2nd century BC. V:

c) China d) Japan

9. The commander who led the army of Carthage in the fight against Rome:

a) Hannibal b) Alexander

c) Pyrrhus d) Atilla

10. What events took place in these years 334 - 323. BC? Write the answer.

11. The god of the ancient Egyptians was:

a) Buddha b) Allah

c) Yahweh d) Osiris

12. The descendants of the most ancient inhabitants of Rome called themselves:

a) feudal lords b) knights

c) patricians d) plebeians

13. Read and match the name of the historical figure and his contribution to the history and culture of Greece:

f) Solon 6) statue of Athena

14. Match the “winged words” with their meanings:

15. Select the main rivers from the list: (Euphrates, Ganges, Tigris, Indus, Nile, Yangtze, Yellow River)

16. Choose the correct answer:

17. Read the statements and note the features that characterize the “barbarians” in the 1st - 3rd centuries:

18. A learned archaeologist was asked to authenticate a sword with the inscription “This gladius was forged by order of Spartacus in 74 BC.” The scientist confidently stated that this sword is a fake. Why did he decide this?

19. How would a Roman answer the question: “In what year was Jesus Christ born?” Explain your answer.

20. Could Romulus have heard anything about the Olympic Games and the Greco-Persian Wars? Justify your answer.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

V-2

1. Select the main rivers from the list: (Euphrates, Ganges, Tigris, Indus, Nile, Yangtze, Yellow River)

a) India ___________________,

b) China____________________,

c) Mesopotamia_______________..

2. Choose the correct answer:

1) biography of Jesus Christ a) Talmud b) Koran c) Gospel

2) an association of Christians a) union b) party c) community

3) Jesus was born in the city a) Rome b) Bethlehem d) Jerusalem

3. Read the statements and note the features that characterize the “barbarians” in the 1st - 3rd centuries:

Professed Buddhism - sedentary lifestyle

Pagans - Democratic Governance

Lived in clans and tribes - ruled by the emperor

Had slaves - did not know slavery

4. A learned archaeologist was asked to authenticate a sword with the inscription “This gladius was forged by order of Spartacus in 74 BC.” The scientist confidently stated that this sword is a fake. Why did he decide this?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. How would a Roman answer the question: “In what year was Jesus Christ born?” Explain your answer.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Could Romulus have heard anything about the Olympic Games and the Greco-Persian Wars? Justify your answer.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7 “The Father of History” is usually called:

a) Polybius b) Herodotus

c) Homer c) Caesar

8.Which empire fell later than others?

a) Egyptian b) Persian

c) Macedonian c) Roman

9.The first alphabet was created:

a) Egyptians b) Romans

c) Phoenicians d) Chinese

10. This religion denies the inequality of people, calls for the renunciation of all desires, and preaches the idea of ​​​​transmigration of souls. Its founder is Prince Siddhartha Gautama.

a) Confucianism b) Christianity

c) Islam d) Buddhism

11. They called the policy:

a) a runaway slave

b) summer month

c) city-state

d) god of war among the Persians

12.Tick the term related to the Roman military art:

a) phalanx b) trireme

c) arquebus c) legion

13.Mark the name of the founder of the Roman Empire:

a) Romulus b) Cicero

b) Pompey c) Octavian Augustus

14. Paper was invented in the 2nd century BC. V:

a) the Inca Empire b) the Roman Empire

c) China d) Japan

15. The commander who led the army of Carthage in the fight against Rome:

a) Hannibal b) Alexander

c) Pyrrhus d) Atilla

16. What events took place in these years 334 - 323? BC? Write the answer.

______________________________________

17. The god of the ancient Egyptians was:

a) Buddha b) Allah

c) Yahweh d) Osiris

18. The descendants of the most ancient inhabitants of Rome called themselves:

a) feudal lords b) knights

c) patricians d) plebeians

19. Read and match the name of the historical figure and his contribution to the history and culture of Greece:

a) Demosthenes 1) sculpture "Discobolus"

b) Homer 2) fight against Macedonia

c) Miron 3) creator of democracy

d) Aristotle 4) great philosopher

f) Solon 6) statue of Athena

20. Match the “winged words” with their meanings:

a) Augean stables 1) endless work

b) between Scylla and Charybdis 2) the standard by which they try to fit everything and everyone

c) Ariadne’s thread 3) unexpected help, a way out of a difficult situation

d) Penelope’s work 4) dirty, neglected place

e) Procrustean bed 5) find yourself surrounded by dangers

KEYS and EVALUATION CRITERIA

B-1

Campaigns of Alexander the Great

A-2, B-5, C-1, D-4, D-6, E-3.

A-4, B-5, C-3, D-1, D-2.

A: Indus, Ganges.

B: Yellow River, Yangtze.

In: Tigris, Euphrates.

1-B

2-B

3-B

Pagans; lived in clans and tribes; sedentary lifestyle; democratic governance; did not know slavery.

On an item allegedly made in 74 BC. such a date cannot stand, since OUR ERA has not yet arrived.

“Jesus Christ was born in 753 from the founding of our city (Rome).”

Romulus (founder of Rome, 753 BC) may have heard about the Olympics (started in 776 BC), but could not about the Greco-Persian Wars (started in 490 BC).

Questions 1 to 12 are worth 1 point.

Question 13 is worth 6 points (1 point for each correct correlation).

Question 14 is worth 5 points (1 point for each correct correlation).

Question 15 is worth 3 points (1 point for each country, no mistakes allowed).

Question 16 is worth 3 points (1 point for each correct choice)

Question 17 is worth 3 points if the choice is complete and correct (1 error - 2 points, 2 errors - 1 point, 3 errors - 0 points).

Question 18 is scored 2 points if the answer is complete, 1 point if there is no clear formulation, 0 points if there is no argumentation.

Question 19 is worth 2 points with a complete answer, 1 point if only the number of years “from the foundation of Rome” is indicated, but without a date; 0 points – no answer.

Question 20 is worth 2 points if answered in full with dates; 1 point for an answer without indicating the dates of the start of the Olympics and the Greco-Persian Wars; 0 points – no answer.

Score “2” - less than 20 points

KEYS and EVALUATION CRITERIA

V-2

1) A: Indus, Ganges.

B: Yellow River, Yangtze.

In: Tigris, Euphrates.

2) 1-B

2-B

3-B

3) Pagans; lived in clans and tribes; sedentary lifestyle; democratic governance; did not know slavery.

4) On an object allegedly made in 74 BC. such a date cannot stand, since OUR ERA has not yet arrived.

5) “Jesus Christ was born in 753 from the founding of our city (Rome).”

6) Romulus (founder of Rome, 753 BC) could have heard about the Olympics (started in 776 BC), but could not about the Greco-Persian Wars (started in 490 BC ).

7) B

8) B

9) B

10) G

11) B

12) B

13) B

14) B

15) A

16) Campaigns of Alexander the Great

17) G

18) B

19) A-2, B-5, C-1, D-4, D-6, E-3.

20) A-4, B-5, C-3, D-1, D-2.

Question 1 is worth 3 points (1 point for each country, no mistakes allowed).

Question 2 is worth 3 points (1 point for each correct choice)

Question 3 is worth 3 points if the choice is complete and correct (1 error - 2 points, 2 errors - 1 point, 3 errors - 0 points).

Question 4 is scored 2 points if the answer is complete, 1 point if there is no clear formulation, 0 points if there is no argumentation.

Question 5 is worth 2 points with a complete answer, 1 point if only the number of years “from the founding of Rome” is indicated, but without a date; 0 points – no answer.

Question 6 is worth 2 points if answered in full with dates; 1 point for an answer without indicating the dates of the start of the Olympics and the Greco-Persian Wars; 0 points – no answer.

Questions 7 to 18 are worth 1 point.

Question 19 is worth 6 points (1 point for each correct correlation).

Question 20 is worth 5 points (1 point for each correct correlation).

TOTAL: the maximum possible score is 38.

Score “5” - from 30 to 38 points

Score “4” - from 25 to 29 points

Score “3” - from 20 to 24 points

Score “2” - less than 20 points

FINAL TEST

on HISTORY OF RUSSIA

for students of grades 5 “A”, 5 “B” of municipal educational institution “Gymnasium No. 17”

2008-2009 academic year

Description of some catchphrases

We often use the so-called catchphrases, without even knowing about their origin. Of course, everyone knows: “And Vaska listens and eats” - this is from Krylov’s fable, “gifts of the Danaans” and “Trojan horse” - from Greek legends about Trojan War... But many words have become so familiar and familiar that we can’t even imagine who said them first.

Scapegoat
The history of this expression is as follows: the ancient Jews had a ritual for the remission of sins. The priest laid both hands on the head of the living goat, thereby, as it were, transferring the sins of the entire people onto it. After this, the goat was driven out into the desert. Many, many years have passed, and the ritual no longer exists, but the expression still lives on...

Tryn-grass
The mysterious “tryn-grass” is not some kind of herbal medicine that people drink so as not to worry. At first it was called “tyn-grass”, and tyn is a fence. The result was “fence grass,” that is, a weed that no one needed, everyone was indifferent to.

Master of sour cabbage soup
Sour cabbage soup is a simple peasant food: water and sauerkraut. Preparing them was not particularly difficult. And if someone was called a master of sour cabbage soup, it meant that he was not fit for anything worthwhile. Balzac’s age

The expression arose after the publication of the novel by the French writer Honore de Balzac (1799-1850) “A Woman of Thirty” (1831); used as a characteristic of women aged 30-40 years.

White Crow
This expression, as a designation of a rare person, sharply different from the rest, is given in the 7th satire of the Roman poet Juvenal (mid-1st century - after 127 AD):
Fate gives kingdoms to slaves and brings triumphs to captives.
However, such a lucky person is rarer than a black sheep.

Plant the pig
In all likelihood, this expression is due to the fact that some peoples do not eat pork for religious reasons. And if such a person was quietly put pork in his food, then his faith was desecrated.

Throwing a stone
The expression “throwing a stone” at someone in the sense of “accusing” arose from the Gospel (John 8:7); Jesus said to the scribes and Pharisees, who, tempting him, brought to him a woman caught in adultery: “He who is without sin among you, let him be the first to throw a stone at her” (in ancient Judea there was a penalty - stoning).

Paper endures everything (Paper does not turn red)
The expression goes back to the Roman writer and orator Cicero (106 - 43 BC); in his letters “To Friends” there is an expression: “Epistola non erubescit” - “A letter does not blush,” that is, in writing one can express thoughts that one is embarrassed to express orally.

To be or not to be - that is the question
The beginning of Hamlet's monologue in Shakespeare's tragedy of the same name, translated by N.A. Polevoy (1837).

Wolf in sheep's clothing
The expression originated from the Gospel: “Beware of false prophets, who come to you in sheep’s clothing, but inwardly they are ravenous wolves.”

Crow in peacock feathers
It arose from a fable by I.A. Krylov “The Crow” (1825).

Add the first number
You won’t believe it, but... from the old school, where students were flogged every week, no matter who was right or wrong. And if the mentor overdoes it, then such a spanking would last for a long time, until the first day of the next month.

Register Izhitsa
Izhitsa is the name of the last letter of the Church Slavonic alphabet. Traces of flogging on well-known places of careless students strongly resembled this letter. So registering an Izhitsa means teaching a lesson, punishing it, and it’s easier to flog it. And you still criticize modern school!

I carry everything I have with me
The expression originated from an ancient Greek legend. When the Persian king Cyrus occupied the city of Priene in Ionia, the inhabitants abandoned it, taking with them the most valuable of their possessions. Only Biant, one of the “seven wise men”, a native of Priene, left empty-handed. In response to the perplexed questions of his fellow citizens, he answered, referring to spiritual values: “I carry everything I own with me.” This expression is often used in the Latin formulation due to Cicero: Omnia mea mecum porto.
Everything flows, everything changes
This expression, which defines the constant variability of all things, sets out the essence of the teachings of the Greek philosopher Heraclitus of Ephesus (c. 530-470 BC)

Goal like a falcon
Terribly poor, beggar. People usually think that we are talking about a bird. But the falcon has nothing to do with it. In fact, the “falcon” is an ancient military battering gun. It was a completely smooth (“bare”) cast iron block attached to chains. Nothing extra!

Orphan Kazan
This is what they say about a person who pretends to be unhappy, offended, helpless in order to pity someone. But why is the orphan “Kazan”? It turns out that this phraseological unit arose after the conquest of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible. The Mirzas (Tatar princes), finding themselves subjects of the Russian Tsar, tried to beg all sorts of concessions from him, complaining about their orphanhood and bitter fate.

Unlucky man
In the old days in Rus', “path” was the name given not only to the road, but also to various positions at the prince’s court. The falconer's path is in charge of princely hunting, the hunter's path is in charge of hound hunting, the stablemaster's path is in charge of carriages and horses. The boyars tried by hook or by crook to get a position from the prince. And those who did not succeed were spoken of with disdain: a good-for-nothing person.

Was there a boy?
One of the episodes of M. Gorky’s novel “The Life of Klim Samgin” tells about the boy Klim skating with other children. Boris Varavka and Varya Somova fall into the wormwood. Klim hands Boris the end of his gymnasium belt, but, feeling that he too is being pulled into the water, he lets go of the belt. Children are drowning. When the search for the drowned begins, Klim is struck by “someone’s serious, incredulous question: “Was there a boy, maybe there wasn’t a boy.” The last phrase became popular as a figurative expression of extreme doubt about something.

Twenty two misfortunes
So in the play by A.P. Chekhov “ Cherry Orchard"(1903) is the name of the clerk Epikhodov, with whom some comic misfortune happens every day. The expression is applied to people with whom some misfortune constantly happens.

Money doesn't smell
The expression arose from the words of the Roman emperor (69 - 79 AD) Vespasian, said by him, as Suetonius reports in his biography, on the following occasion. When Vespasian's son Titus reproached his father for introducing a tax on public latrines, Vespasian brought the first money received from this tax to his nose and asked if it smelled. To Titus's negative answer, Vespasian said: "And yet they are made of urine."

Draconian measures
This is the name given to the excessively harsh laws named after Dragon, the first legislator of the Athenian Republic (VII century BC). Among the punishments determined by its laws, the death penalty allegedly occupied a prominent place, which punished, for example, such an offense as theft of vegetables. There was a legend that these laws were written in blood (Plutarch, Solon). In literary speech, the expression “draconian laws”, “draconian measures, punishments” have become stronger in the meaning of harsh, cruel laws.

Topsy-turvy
Now this seems to be a completely harmless expression. And once it was associated with shameful punishment. During the time of Ivan the Terrible, a guilty boyar was placed backwards on a horse with his clothes turned inside out and, in this disgraced form, was driven around the city to the whistling and jeers of the street crowd.

Retired goat drummer
In the old days, trained bears were brought to fairs. They were accompanied by a dancing boy dressed as a goat, and a drummer accompanying his dance. This was the goat drummer. He was perceived as a worthless, frivolous person.

Yellow press
In 1895, American graphic artist Richard Outcault published a series of frivolous drawings with humorous text in a number of issues of the New York newspaper “The World”; Among the drawings was a picture of a child in a yellow shirt, to whom various funny sayings were attributed. Soon another newspaper, the New York Journal, began publishing a series of similar drawings. A dispute arose between these two newspapers over the right of primacy to the “yellow boy”. In 1896, Erwin Wardman, editor of the New York Press, published an article in his magazine in which he contemptuously called both competing newspapers "yellow press." Since then, the expression has become popular.

Finest hour
An expression by Stefan Zweig (1881-1942) from the preface to his collection of historical short stories, Humanity's Finest Hours (1927). Zweig explains that he called historical moments starry hours “because, like eternal stars, they invariably shine in the night of oblivion and decay.”

Golden mean
An expression from the 2nd book of odes of the Roman poet Horace: “aurea mediocritas.”

Choose the lesser of two evils
Expression found in essays ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle's "Nicomachean Ethics" in the form: "The lesser of evils must be chosen." Cicero (in his essay “On Duties”) says: “One should not only choose the least of evils, but also extract from them themselves what can be good in them.”

Making mountains out of molehills
The expression is one of the ancient ones. It is quoted by the Greek writer Lucian (3rd century AD), who ends his satirical “Praise of the Fly” like this: “But I interrupt my speech, although I could say a lot more, lest anyone think that I “, as the proverb goes, I make a mountain out of a molehill.”

Highlight
The expression is used in the meaning: something that gives a special taste, attractiveness to something (a dish, a story, a person, etc.). Originated from folk proverb: “Kvass is not expensive, the zest in kvass is expensive”; became popular after the appearance of L. N. Tolstoy’s drama “The Living Corpse” (1912). The hero of the drama Protasov, talking about his family life, says: “My wife was an ideal woman... But what can I tell you? There was no zest - you know, there is zest in kvass? - there was no game in our lives. And I needed to forget. And without the game you won’t forget..."

Lead by the nose
Apparently, trained bears were very popular, because this expression was also associated with fairground entertainment. Gypsies led bears by a ring threaded through their noses. And they forced them, the poor fellows, to do various tricks, deceiving them with the promise of a handout.

Sharpen the laces
Lyasy (balusters) are turned figured posts of the railing at the porch. Only a true master could make such beauty. Probably, at first, “sharpening balusters” meant conducting an elegant, fancy, ornate (like balusters) conversation. But in our time, the number of people skilled in conducting such a conversation became fewer and fewer. So this expression came to mean empty chatter.

Swan song
The expression is used to mean: the last manifestation of talent. Based on the belief that swans sing before death, it arose in ancient times. Evidence of this is found in one of Aesop’s fables (6th century BC): “They say that swans sing before they die.”

Flying Dutchman
A Dutch legend has preserved the story of a sailor who vowed, in a strong storm, to round the cape that blocked his path, even if it took him forever. Because of his pride, he was doomed to forever rush on a ship on a raging sea, never landing on the shore. This legend obviously arose in the age of great discoveries. It is possible that its historical basis was the expedition of Vasco da Gama (1469-1524), who rounded the Cape of Good Hope in 1497. In the 17th century this legend was associated with several Dutch captains, which is reflected in its name.

Seize the day
The expression apparently goes back to Horace (“carpe diem” - “seize the day”, “take advantage of the day”).

The lion's share
The expression goes back to the fable of the ancient Greek fabulist Aesop “The Lion, the Fox and the Donkey”, the plot of which - the division of prey among the animals - was later used by Phaedrus, La Fontaine and other fabulists.

The Moor has done his job, the Moor can leave
Quote from the drama by F. Schiller (1759 - 1805) “The Fiesco Conspiracy in Genoa” (1783). This phrase (d. 3, iv. 4) is pronounced by the Moor, who turned out to be unnecessary after he helped Count Fisco organize a rebellion of the Republicans against the tyrant of Genoa, Doge Doria. This phrase has become a saying characterizing a cynical attitude towards a person whose services are no longer needed.

Manna from heaven
According to the Bible, manna is the food that God sent to the Jews every morning from heaven when they walked through the desert to the promised land (Exodus 16, 14-16 and 31).

Disservice
The expression arose from I. A. Krylov’s fable “The Hermit and the Bear” (1808).

Honeymoon
The idea that the happiness of the first stage of marriage quickly gives way to the bitterness of disappointment, figuratively expressed in eastern folklore, was used by Voltaire for his philosophical novel “Zadig, or Fate” (1747), in the 3rd chapter of which he writes: “Zadig experienced that The first month of marriage, as described in the book of Zend, is the honeymoon, and the second is the wormwood month.”

Young people love us everywhere
Quote from “Song of the Motherland” in the film “Circus” (1936), text by V. I. Lebedev-Kumach, music by I. O. Dunaevsky.

Silence is a sign of consent
Expression of Pope Boniface VIII (1294-1303) in one of his messages, included in canon law (a set of decrees of church authority). This expression goes back to Sophocles (496-406 BC), in whose tragedy “The Trachinian Women” it is said: “Don’t you understand that by silence you agree with the accuser?”

Torments of Tantalus
In Greek mythology, Tantalus, the king of Phrygia (also called the king of Lydia), was the favorite of the gods, who often invited him to their feasts. But, proud of his position, he offended the gods, for which he was severely punished. According to Homer (“Odyssey”), his punishment was that, cast down into Tartarus (hell), he forever experiences unbearable pangs of thirst and hunger; he stands up to his neck in water, but the water recedes from him as soon as he bends his head to drink; branches with luxurious fruits hang over him, but as soon as he stretches out his hands to them, the branches deviate. This is where the expression “torment of Tantalus” arose, meaning: unbearable torment due to the inability to achieve the desired goal, despite its proximity.

Over the moon
The expression, meaning the highest degree of joy, happiness, goes back to the Greek philosopher Aristotle (384-322 BC), who in his essay “On Heaven” explains the structure of the vault of heaven. He believed that the sky consists of seven motionless crystal spheres on which the stars and planets are established. The seven heavens are mentioned in various places in the Quran: for example, it is said that the Quran itself was brought by an angel from the seventh heaven.

I don't want to study, I want to get married
Words by Mitrofanushka from D. I. Fonvizin’s comedy “The Minor” (1783), no. 3, yavl. 7.

New is well forgotten old
In 1824, the memoirs of the milliner Marie Antoinette, Mademoiselle Bertin, were published in France, in which she said these words about the queen’s old dress that she had updated (in reality, her memoirs are fake - their author is Jacques Pesce). This idea was perceived as new only because it had been well forgotten. Already Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) said that “there is no new custom that is not old.” This quote from Chaucer was popularized by Walter Scott's book The Folk Songs of Southern Scotland.

Hack on the nose
In this expression, the word “nose” has nothing to do with the organ of smell. A “nose” was the name given to a memorial plaque, or a note tag. In the distant past, illiterate people always carried such tablets and sticks with them, with the help of which all kinds of notes or notches were made as memories.

Neither fluff nor feather
This expression arose among hunters and was based on the superstitious idea that with a direct wish (both down and feather), the results of a hunt can be jinxed. In the language of hunters, feather means bird, and down means animals. In ancient times, a hunter going on a hunt received this parting word, the “translation” of which looks something like this: “Let your arrows fly past the target, let the snares and traps you set remain empty, just like the trapping pit!” To which the earner, in order not to jinx it either, replied: “To hell!” And both were confident that the evil spirits, invisibly present during this dialogue, would be satisfied and leave behind, and would not plot intrigues during the hunt.

Beat your head
What are “baklushi”, who “beats” them and when? For a long time, artisans have been making spoons, cups and other utensils from wood. To carve a spoon, it was necessary to chop off a block of wood from a log. Apprentices were entrusted with preparing the bucks: it was an easy, trivial task that did not require any special skill. Preparing such chocks was called “beating the lumps.” From here, from the mockery of the masters at the auxiliary workers - “baklushechnik”, our saying came from.

About the dead it's either good or nothing
The expression often quoted in Latin: “De mortuis nil nisi bene” or “De mortuis aut bene aut nihil” seems to go back to the work of Diogenes Laertius (3rd century AD): “Life, teaching and opinions famous philosophers”, which contains the saying of one of the “seven wise men” - Chilon (VI century BC): “Do not slander the dead.”

Oh holy simplicity!
This expression is attributed to the leader of the Czech national movement, Jan Hus (1369-1415). Sentenced by a church council as a heretic to be burned, he allegedly uttered these words at the stake when he saw that some old woman (according to another version, a peasant woman) in simple-minded religious zeal threw the brushwood she had brought into the fire. However, Hus's biographers, based on reports of eyewitnesses to his death, deny the fact that he uttered this phrase. The church writer Turanius Rufinus (c. 345-410), in his continuation of Eusebius's History of the Church, reports that the expression “holy simplicity” was uttered at the first Council of Nicaea (325) by one of the theologians. This expression is often used in Latin: “O sancta simplicitas!”

An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth
An expression from the Bible, the formula for the law of retribution: “A fracture for a fracture, an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth: as he has injured a person’s body, so must he do it” (Leviticus 24:20; about the same - Exodus 21: 24; Deuteronomy 19, 21).

From great to funny one step
This phrase was often repeated by Napoleon during his flight from Russia in December 1812 to his ambassador in Warsaw, de Pradt, who spoke about it in the book “History of the Embassy to the Grand Duchy of Warsaw” (1816). Its primary source is the expression of the French writer Jean-François Marmontel (1723-1799) in the fifth volume of his works (1787): “In general, the funny comes into contact with the great.”

The language will take you to Kyiv
In 999, a certain Kiev resident Nikita Shchekomyaka got lost in the endless, then Russian, steppe and ended up among the Polovtsians. When the Polovtsians asked him: Where are you from, Nikita? He answered that he was from the rich and beautiful city of Kyiv, and described the wealth and beauty of his native city to the nomads in such a way that the Polovtsian Khan Nunchak attached Nikita by the tongue to the tail of his horse, and the Polovtsians went to fight and plunder Kyiv. This is how Nikita Shchekomyaka got home with the help of his tongue.

Sharomyzhniki
1812 When the French burned Moscow and were left in Russia without food, they came to Russian villages and asked for food She rami, like give it to me. So the Russians began to call them that. (one of the hypotheses).

Bastard
This is an idiomatic phrase. There is a river called Voloch, when the fishermen came with their catch, they said ours and Voloch came. There are several other tomological meanings of this word. To drag - to collect, to drag. This word came from them. But it became abusive not long ago. This is the merit of 70 years in the CPSU.

Know all the ins and outs
The expression is associated with an ancient torture in which needles or nails were driven under the fingernails of the accused to extract a confession.

Oh, you are heavy, Monomakh’s hat!
Quote from A. S. Pushkin’s tragedy “Boris Godunov”, scene “The Royal Chambers” (1831), monologue of Boris (Monomakh in Greek is a martial artist; a nickname that was combined with the names of some Byzantine emperors. In ancient Rus' this nickname was assigned to the Grand Duke Vladimir (beginning of the 12th century), from whom the Moscow kings traced their origin. Monomakh's cap is the crown with which the Moscow kings were crowned kings, a symbol of royal power). The above quote characterizes a difficult situation.

Plato is my friend, but truth is dearer
The Greek philosopher Plato (427-347 BC) in his essay “Phaedo” attributes to Socrates the words “Following me, think less about Socrates, and more about the truth.” Aristotle, in his work “Nicomachean Ethics,” polemicizing with Plato and referring to him, writes: “Even though friends and truth are dear to me, duty commands me to give preference to truth.” Luther (1483-1546) says: “Plato is my friend, Socrates is my friend, but truth should be preferred” (“On the Enslaved Will,” 1525). The expression “Amicus Plato, sed magis amica veritas” - “Plato is my friend, but the truth is dearer”, was formulated by Cervantes in the 2nd part, ch. 51 novels "Don Quixote" (1615).

Dancing to someone else's tune
The expression is used to mean: to act not according to one’s own will, but according to the will of another. Goes back to the Greek historian Herodotus (5th century BC), who in the 1st book of his “History” says: when the Persian king Cyrus conquered the Medes, the Greeks of Asia Minor, whom he had previously tried in vain to win over to his side, expressed their readiness obey him, but under certain conditions. Then Cyrus told them the following fable: “One flute player, seeing fish in the sea, began to play the flute, expecting them to come out to him on land. Having lost his hope, he took a net, threw it in and pulled out many fish. Seeing the fish struggling in the nets, he said to them: “Stop dancing; when I played the flute, you didn’t want to come out and dance.” This fable is attributed to Aesop (VI century BC).

After the rain on Thursday
The Rusichi - the most ancient ancestors of the Russians - honored among their gods the main god - the god of thunder and lightning Perun. One of the days of the week was dedicated to him - Thursday (it is interesting that among the ancient Romans Thursday was also dedicated to the Latin Perun - Jupiter). Prayers were offered to Perun for rain during the drought. It was believed that he should be especially willing to fulfill requests on “his day” - Thursday. And since these prayers often remained in vain, the saying “After the rain on Thursday” began to be applied to everything that is unknown when it will come true.

Get into trouble
In dialects, a binder is a fish trap woven from branches. And, as in any trap, being in it is not a pleasant thing. Beluga roar

Beluga roar
He's as dumb as a fish - you've known that for a long time. And suddenly a beluga roars? It turns out that we are not talking about the beluga, but the beluga whale, which is the name of the polar dolphin. He really roars very loudly.

Success is never blamed
These words are attributed to Catherine II, who allegedly expressed herself this way when A.V. Suvorov was put on trial by military court for the assault on Turtukai in 1773, undertaken by him contrary to the orders of Field Marshal Rumyantsev. However, the story about Suvorov’s arbitrary actions and about putting him on trial is refuted by serious researchers.

Know yourself
According to the legend reported by Plato in the dialogue “Protagoras”, the seven sages of ancient Greece (Thales, Pittacus, Bias, Solon, Cleobulus, Myson and Chilo), meeting together in the temple of Apollo at Delphi, wrote: “Know yourself.” The idea of ​​knowing oneself was explained and disseminated by Socrates. This expression is often used in its Latin form: nosce te ipsum.

Rare bird
This expression (lat. rara avis) means “ rare creature“first found in the satires of Roman poets, for example, in Juvenal (mid-1st century - after 127 AD): “A rare bird on earth, kind of like a black swan.”

Born to crawl cannot fly
Quote from “Song of the Falcon” by M. Gorky.

Smoke rocker
In old Rus', huts were often heated in a black way: the smoke did not escape through a chimney (there was none at all), but through a special window or door. And they predicted the weather by the shape of the smoke. The smoke is coming in a column - it will be clear, dragging - towards fog, rain, a rocker - towards the wind, bad weather, or even a storm.

Not appropriate
This is a very old sign: only the animal that the brownie likes will live both in the house and in the yard. If he doesn’t like it, he’ll get sick, get sick, or run away. What to do - not good!

Hair on end
But what kind of rack is this? It turns out that standing on end means standing at attention, on your fingertips. That is, when a person gets scared, his hair seems to stand on tiptoes on his head.

Get into trouble
Rozhon is a sharp pole. And in some Russian provinces this is what they called four-pronged pitchforks. Indeed, you can’t really trample on them!

From the ship to the ball
Expression from “Eugene Onegin” by A. S. Pushkin, chapter 8, stanza 13 (1832):

And travel for him,
Like everyone else in the world, I'm tired of it,
He returned and hit
Like Chatsky, from the ship to the ball.

This expression characterizes an unexpected, sharp change in situation or circumstances.

Combine business with pleasure
An expression from “The Art of Poetry” by Horace, who says about the poet: “He is worthy of all approval who combines the pleasant with the useful.”

Wash your hands
Used to mean: to avoid responsibility for something. It arose from the Gospel: Pilate washed his hands before the crowd, giving Jesus to them for execution, and said: “I am not guilty of the blood of this righteous man” (Matt. 27:24). The ritual washing of hands, which serves as evidence of the non-involvement of the person washing in anything, is described in the Bible (Deuteronomy 21:6-7).

Weak spot
It arose from the myth about the only vulnerable spot on the hero’s body: Achilles’ heel, a spot on Siegfried’s back, etc. Used in the meaning: weak side person, deed.

Fortune. Wheel of Fortune
Fortuna is the goddess of blind chance, happiness and misfortune in Roman mythology. She was depicted blindfolded, standing on a ball or wheel (emphasizing her constant changeability), and holding a steering wheel in one hand and a cornucopia in the other. The rudder indicated that fortune was in control man's destiny.

Upside down
Loitering - in many Russian provinces this word meant walking. So, upside down is just walking upside down, upside down.

Grated kalach
By the way, in fact there was such a type of bread - grated kalach. The dough for it was crushed, kneaded, and grated for a very long time, which is why the kalach turned out to be unusually fluffy. And there was also a proverb - don’t grate, don’t crush, there won’t be a kalach. That is, trials and tribulations teach a person. The expression comes from a proverb, and not from the name of the bread.

Bring to light
Once upon a time they said to bring fish to clean water. And if it’s a fish, then everything is clear: in thickets of reeds or where snags are drowning in the silt, a fish caught on a hook can easily break the fishing line and leave. And in clear water, above a clean bottom - let him try. So it is with an exposed swindler: if all the circumstances are clear, he will not escape the reckoning.

And there is a hole in the old woman
And what kind of gap (mistake, oversight by Ozhegov and Efremova) is this, a gap (i.e. flaw, defect) or what? The meaning, therefore, is this: And a person wise by experience can make mistakes. Interpretation from the lips of an expert in ancient Russian literature: And on an old woman there is a blow Porukha (Ukrainian zh. coll.-dec. 1 - Harm, destruction, damage; 2 - Trouble). In a specific sense, porukha (other Russian) is rape. Those. everything is possible.

He who laughs last laughs best
The expression belongs to the French writer Jean-Pierre Florian (1755-1794), who used it in the fable “Two Peasants and a Cloud.”

End justifies the means
The idea of ​​this expression, which is the basis of Jesuit morality, was borrowed by them from the English philosopher Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679).

Man is a wolf to man
An expression from the “Donkey Comedy” by the ancient Roman writer Plautus (c. 254-184 BC).

Augean stables
In Greek mythology, the Augean stables are the vast stables of Augeas, the king of Elis, which were not cleaned for many years. They were cleansed in one day by the hero Hercules (Hercules): he directed a river through the stables, the waters of which carried away all the manure. This myth was first reported by the Greek historian Diodorus Siculus (1st century BC). The expression “Augean stables” that arose from this is used to denote a very dirty room, as well as severe neglect, litter, disorder in matters that require great effort to eliminate them; it became winged in ancient times (Seneca, Satire on the death of Emperor Claudius; Lucian, Alexander).

Ariadne's thread
An expression meaning: a guiding thread, a guiding thought, a way to help get out of a difficult situation, to solve a difficult issue. It arose from the Greek myths about the Athenian hero Theseus, who killed the Minotaur, a monstrous half-bull, half-man. At the request of the Cretan king Minos, the Athenians were obliged to send seven young men and seven girls to Crete every year to be devoured by the Minotaur, who lived in a labyrinth built for him, from which no one could leave. Theseus was helped to accomplish this dangerous feat by the daughter of the Cretan king, Ariadne, who fell in love with him. Secretly from her father, she gave him a sharp sword and a ball of thread. When Theseus and the young men and women doomed to be torn to pieces were taken into the labyrinth. Theseus tied the end of the thread at the entrance and walked through the intricate passages, gradually unwinding the ball. Having killed the Minotaur, Theseus found the way back from the labyrinth along a thread and brought out all the doomed from there (Ovid, Metamorphoses, 8, 172; Heroids, 10, 103).

Achilles heel
In Greek mythology, Achilles (Achilles) is one of the strongest and bravest heroes; it is sung in Homer's Iliad. A post-Homeric myth, transmitted by the Roman writer Hyginus, reports that Achilles’ mother, the sea goddess Thetis, in order to make her son’s body invulnerable, dipped him in the sacred river Styx; while dipping, she held him by the heel, which was not touched by the water, so the heel remained Achilles’s only vulnerable spot, where he was mortally wounded by Paris’s arrow. The expression “Achilles’ (or Achilles’) heel that arose from this is used in the meaning: a weak side, a vulnerable spot of something.

Barrel Danaid
The Danaids in Greek mythology are the fifty daughters of King Danaus of Libya, with whom his brother Egypt, the king of Egypt, was at enmity. The fifty sons of Egypt, pursuing Danaus, who fled from Libya to Argolis, forced the fugitive to give them his fifty daughters as wives. On their very first wedding night, the Danaids, at the request of their father, killed their husbands. Only one of them decided to disobey her father. For crime committed Forty-nine Danaids were, after their death, condemned by the gods to forever fill a bottomless barrel with water in the underworld of Hades. This is where the expression “barrel of Danaid” arose, used to mean: constant fruitless labor, as well as a container that can never be filled. The myth of the Danaids was first described by the Roman writer Hyginus (Fables, 168), but the image of a bottomless vessel was found among the ancient Greeks earlier. Lucian was the first to use the expression "barrel of Danaids."

Age of Astraea
In Greek mythology, Astraea is the goddess of justice. The time when she was on earth was a happy, “golden age.” She left the earth in the Iron Age and since then, under the name of Virgo, she has been shining in the constellation of the Zodiac. The expression “age of Astraea” is used to mean: a happy time.

Libation [worship] of Bacchus [Bacchus]
Bacchus (Bacchus) - in Roman mythology - the god of wine and fun. The ancient Romans had a libation ritual when making sacrifices to the gods, which consisted of pouring wine from a cup in honor of the god. This is where the humorous expression “libation to Bacchus” arose, used to mean: drinking. The name of this ancient Roman god is also used in other humorous expressions about drunkenness: “worship Bacchus,” “serve Bacchus.”

Hercules. Herculean labor [feat]. Pillars of Hercules [pillars]
Hercules (Hercules) is a hero of Greek myths (Iliad, 14, 323; Odyssey, II, 266), gifted with extraordinary physical strength; he performed twelve labors - he killed the monstrous Lernaean Hydra, cleaned the stables of Augeas, and so on. On the opposite shores of Europe and Africa, near the Strait of Gibraltar, he erected the “Pillars of Hercules (pillars).” So in ancient world called the rocks of Gibraltar and Jebel Musa. These pillars were considered the “edge of the world”, beyond which there is no way. Therefore, the expression “to reach the Pillars of Hercules” began to be used in the meaning: to reach the limit of something, to the extreme point. The name of the legendary Greek hero became a common noun for a person with great physical strength. The expression “Herculean labor, feat” used when talking about something that requires extraordinary effort.

Hercules at the crossroads
The expression arose from the speech of the Greek sophist Prodicus (5th century BC), known only in the presentation of Xenophon “Memoirs of Socrates”, 2, 1, 21-33). In this speech, Prodicus told an allegory he had composed about the young man Hercules (Hercules), who was sitting at a crossroads and thinking about life path which he had to choose. Two women approached him: Effeminacy, who painted him a life full of pleasures and luxury, and Virtue, who showed him the difficult path to glory. The expression “Hercules at the crossroads” is applied to a person who finds it difficult to choose between two decisions.

Hymen. Bonds [chains] of Hymen
IN Ancient Greece the word “hymen” meant both a wedding song and the deity of marriage, sanctified by religion and law, in contrast to Eros, the god of free love. Allegorically, “Hymen”, “Bounds of Hymen” - marriage, matrimony.

Sword of Damocles
The expression originated from an ancient Greek legend told by Cicero in his essay “Tusculan Conversations”. Damocles, one of the close associates of the Syracusan tyrant Dionysius the Elder (432-367 BC), began to enviously speak of him as the happiest of people. Dionysius, in order to teach the envious man a lesson, put him in his place. During the feast, Damocles saw a sharp sword hanging above his head from a horsehair. Dionysius explained that this is an emblem of the dangers to which he, as a ruler, is constantly exposed, despite his seemingly happy life. Hence the expression “sword of Damocles” received the meaning of impending, threatening danger.

Greek gift. Trojan horse
The expression is used to mean: insidious gifts that bring with them death for those who receive them. Originated from Greek legends about the Trojan War. The Danaans, after a long and unsuccessful siege of Troy, resorted to cunning: they built a huge wooden horse, left it near the walls of Troy, and pretended to sail away from the shore of the Troas. Priest Laocoon, seeing this horse and knowing the tricks of the Danaans, exclaimed: “Whatever it is, I am afraid of the Danaans, even those who bring gifts!” But the Trojans, not listening to the warnings of Laocoon and the prophetess Cassandra, dragged the horse into the city. At night, the Danaans, hiding inside the horse, came out, killed the guards, opened the city gates, let in their comrades who had returned on ships, and thus took possession of Troy (“Odyssey” by Homer, 8, 493 et ​​seq.; “Aeneid” by Virgil, 2, 15 et seq. .). Virgil’s hemistich “I am afraid of the Danaans, even those who bring gifts,” often quoted in Latin (“Timeo Danaos et dona ferentes”), has become a proverb. This is where the expression “Trojan horse” arose, used to mean: a secret, insidious plan.

Two-Faced Janus
In Roman mythology, Janus - the god of time, as well as every beginning and end, entrances and exits (janua - door) - was depicted with two faces facing in opposite directions: young - forward, to the future, old - back, to the past. The resulting expression “two-faced Janus” or simply “Janus” means: a two-faced person.

Golden Fleece. Argonauts
Ancient Greek myths say that the hero Jason went to Colchis (the eastern coast of the Black Sea) to mine the golden fleece (golden wool of a ram), which was guarded by a dragon and bulls that spewed flames from their mouths. Jason built the ship "Argo" (fast), after which the participants in this, according to legend, the first long-distance voyage of antiquity were called Argonauts. With the help of the sorceress Medea, Jason, having overcome all obstacles, successfully took possession of the Golden Fleece. The first to expound this myth was the poet Pindar (518-442 BC). The golden fleece is the name given to gold, the wealth that one strives to acquire; Argonauts - brave sailors, adventurers.

Cassandra
According to Homer (Iliad, 13, 365), Cassandra is the daughter of the Trojan king Priam. Apollo gave her the gift of divination. But when she rejected his love, he instilled in everyone distrust of her prophecies, although they always came true; Thus, she warned the Trojans in vain that the wooden horse they brought into the city would bring them death (Virgil and Aeneid, 2, 246) (see Gifts of the Danaans). The name Cassandra has become a household name for a person who warns of danger, but who is not believed.

Castor and Pollux
In Greek mythology, Castor and Polydeuces (Roman Pollux) are the sons of Zeus and Leda, twins. In the Odyssey (II, 298) they are spoken of as the children of Leda and Tyndareus, the son of the Spartan king. According to another version of the myth, Castor's father is Tyndareus, and Pollux's father is Zeus, therefore the first, born of a mortal, is mortal, and the second is immortal. When Castor was killed, Pollux began to beg Zeus to give him the opportunity to die. But Zeus offered him a choice: either to stay forever on Olympus without his brother, or to spend one day with his brother on Olympus, the other in Hades. Pollux chose the latter. Their names became synonymous with two inseparable friends.

Summer. Sink into oblivion
In Greek mythology, Lethe is the river of oblivion in Hades, the underworld; the souls of the dead, upon arrival in the underworld, drank water from it and forgot their entire past life (Hesiod, Theogony; Virgil, Aeneid, 6). The name of the river became a symbol of oblivion; The expression “sink into oblivion” that arose from this is used in the meaning: to disappear forever, to be forgotten.

Mars. Son of Mars. Champ de Mars
In Roman mythology, Mars is the god of war. Figuratively: a military, belligerent person. The expression “son of Mars” is used in the same meaning; the expression “Mars’s Field” meaning: battlefield. Also in ancient Rome, one of the parts of the city on the left bank of the Tiber, intended for military and gymnastic exercises, was called. In Paris, this name goes to the square in the western part of the city, which originally served for military parades. In St. Petersburg, this was the name of the square between the Summer Garden and the barracks of the Life Guards of the Pavlovsky Regiment, where large military parades were held under Nicholas I and later.

Between Scylla and Charybdis
According to the legends of the ancient Greeks, two monsters lived on the coastal rocks on both sides of the Strait of Messina: Scylla and Charybdis, who devoured sailors. Scylla,
...barking incessantly,
With a piercing squeal, like the squeal of a young puppy,
The monster echoes throughout the surrounding area. approach her
It’s scary not only for people, but also for the most immortal...
Not a single sailor could pass her unharmed
With an easy ship to pass: all toothy mouths open,
She kidnaps six people from the ship at a time...
Closer you will see another rock...
The whole sea under that rock is terribly disturbed by Charybdis,
Consuming three times a day and spewing out three times a day
Black moisture. Don't you dare come closer when it's absorbing:
Poseidon himself will not save you from certain death...
(“Odyssey” of Homer, 12, 85-124. Translation by V. A. Zhukovsky.)
The expression that arose from this “between Scylla and Charybdis” is used in the sense of being between two hostile forces, in a position where danger threatens from both sides.

Minerva [Pallas], emerging from the head of Jupiter [Zeus]
Minerva - in Roman mythology, the goddess of wisdom, patroness of the sciences and arts, identified with the Greek goddess Pallas Athena, who, according to myths, was born from the head of Jupiter (his Greek parallel is Zeus), emerging from there fully armed - in armor, a helmet, and a sword in hand. Therefore, when they talk about someone or something that supposedly appeared immediately completely complete, this appearance is compared with Minerva emerging from the head of Jupiter, or with Pallas emerging from the head of Zeus (Hesiod, Theogony; Pindar, Olympian Odes, 7, 35).

Morpheus. Embrace of Morpheus
In Greek mythology, Morpheus is the son of the god Hypnos, the winged god of dreams. His name is synonymous with sleep.

Torments of Tantalus
In Greek mythology, Tantalus, the king of Phrygia (also called the king of Lydia), was the favorite of the gods, who often invited him to their feasts. But, proud of his position, he offended the gods, for which he was severely punished. According to Homer (Odyssey, II, 582-592), his punishment was that, cast into Tartarus (hell), he forever experiences unbearable pangs of thirst and hunger; he stands up to his neck in water, but the water recedes from him as soon as he bends his head to drink; branches with luxurious fruits hang over him, but as soon as he stretches out his hands to them, the branches deviate. This is where the expression “torment of Tantalus” arose, meaning: unbearable torment due to the inability to achieve the desired goal, despite its proximity

Narcissus
In Greek mythology, he is a handsome young man, the son of the river god Cephisus and the nymph Leiriopa. One day Narcissus, who had never loved anyone, bent over a stream and, seeing his face in it, fell in love with himself and died of melancholy; his body turned into a flower (Ovid, Metamorphoses, 3, 339-510). His name has become a household name for a person who admires himself, who is narcissistic. M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin called the Narcissists of his contemporary liberal talkers, in love with their own eloquence, those “sowers of progress” who, for insignificant reasons, argued with the government bureaucracy, covering it up with chatter about the “holy cause”, the “bright future” etc. their personal interests (“The New Narcissist, or In Love with Himself.” “Signs of the Times”).

Start with Leda's eggs
In Greek mythology, Leda, the daughter of Festius, king of Aetolia, amazed Zeus with her beauty, who appeared to her in the form of a swan. The fruit of their union was Helen (Iliad, 3, 426; Odyssey, II, 298). According to the later version of this myth, Helen was born from one egg of Leda, and her brothers, the twins Castor and Pollux, from another (Ovid, Heroides, 17, 55; Horace, Satires, 2, 1, 26). Having subsequently married Menelaus, Helen was kidnapped by Paris and thus turned out to be the culprit of the Greek campaign against Troy. The expression “to begin with the eggs of Leda” goes back to Horace (65-8 BC), who (“On the Art of Poetry”) praises Homer for the fact that he does not begin his story about the Trojan War ab ovo - not from the egg (of course the myth of Leda), not from the very beginning, but immediately introduces the listener in medias res - into the middle of things, into the very essence of the matter. It should be added to this that the expression “ab ovo” among the Romans was proverbial; in its entirety: “ab ovo usque ad mala” - from beginning to end; literally: from egg to fruit (Roman dinner began with eggs and ended with fruit).

Nectar and ambrosia
In Greek mythology, nectar is a drink, ambrosia (ambrosia) is the food of the gods, giving them immortality (“Odyssey”, 5, 91-94). Figuratively: an unusually tasty drink, an exquisite dish; supreme pleasure.

Olympus. Olympians. Olympic bliss, grandeur, tranquility
Olympus is a mountain in Greece, where, as told in Greek myths, the gods lived (Homer, Iliad, 8, 456). For later writers (Sophocles, Aristotle, Virgil), Olympus is the vault of heaven inhabited by the gods. Olympians - immortal gods; figuratively - people who always maintain the majestic solemnity of their appearance and imperturbable calm of spirit; This is also the name given to arrogant and inaccessible people. This is where a number of expressions arose: “literary Olympus”, “musical Olympus” - a group of recognized poets, writers, and musicians. Sometimes these expressions are used ironically, jokingly. “Olympic bliss” is the highest degree of bliss; “Olympic grandeur” - solemnity in manners, in all appearance; “Olympic calm” - calm, undisturbed by anything.

Panic fear
The expression is used in the meaning: unaccountable, sudden, strong fear, covering many people, causing confusion. It arose from the Greek myths about Pan, the god of forests and fields. According to myths, Pan brings sudden and unaccountable terror to people, especially to travelers in remote and secluded places, as well as to troops who flee from this. This is where the word “panic” comes from.

Parnassus
In Greek mythology, Parnassus is a mountain in Thessaly, the seat of Apollo and the Muses. In a figurative meaning: a collection of poets, the poetry of a people. "Parnassus Sisters" - muses.

Pegasus
In Greek mythology - the winged horse of Zeus; under the blow of his hoof, the source of Hypocrene was formed on Mount Helicon, inspiring poets (Hesiod, Theogony; Ovid, Metamorphoses, 5). Symbol of poetic inspiration.

Pygmalion and Galatea
IN ancient Greek myth It is said about the famous sculptor Pygmalion that he openly expressed his contempt for women. The goddess Aphrodite, angered by this, forced him to fall in love with the statue of the young girl Galatea, which he himself created, and doomed him to the torment of unrequited love. Pygmalion's passion, however, turned out to be so strong that it breathed life into the statue. The revived Galatea became his wife. Based on this myth, Pygmalion figuratively began to be called a person who, with the power of his feelings, the direction of his will, contributes to the rebirth of another (see, for example, Bernard Shaw’s play “Pygmalion”), as well as a lover who meets the cold indifference of his beloved woman.

Prometheus. Promethean fire
Prometheus in Greek mythology is one of the Titans; he stole fire from the sky and taught people how to use it, thereby undermining faith in the power of the gods. For this, the angry Zeus ordered Hephaestus (the god of fire and blacksmithing) to chain Prometheus to a rock; An eagle that flew in every day tormented the liver of the chained titan (Hesiod, Theogony; Aeschylus, Bound Prometheus). The expression “Promethean fire”, which arose on the basis of this myth, is used in the sense of: a sacred fire burning in a person’s soul, an unquenchable desire to achieve high goals in science, art, and social work. The image of Prometheus is a symbol human dignity, greatness.

Penelope's work
The expression originated from Homer's Odyssey (2, 94-109). Penelope, the wife of Odysseus, remained faithful to him during her many years of separation from him, despite the advances of her suitors; she said that she was postponing a new marriage until the day when she finished weaving a coffin cover for her father-in-law, the elder Laertes; She spent the whole day weaving, and at night she unraveled everything she had woven during the day and set to work again. The expression is used in the meaning: wife’s fidelity; never-ending work.

Sphinx. Sphinx riddle
In Greek mythology, the Sphinx is a monster with the face and breasts of a woman, the body of a lion and the wings of a bird, who lived on a rock near Thebes; The Sphinx lay in wait for travelers and asked them riddles; He killed those who were unable to solve them. When the Theban king Oedipus solved the riddles given to him, the monster took his own life (Hesiod, Theogony). This is where the word “sphinx” got its meaning: something incomprehensible, mysterious; “Sphinx riddle” - something unsolvable.

Sisyphus' work. Sisyphean work
The expression is used to mean: hard, endless and fruitless work. Originated from Greek mythology. The Corinthian king Sisyphus, for insulting the gods, was sentenced by Zeus to eternal torment in Hades: he had to roll a huge stone up a mountain, which, having reached the top, rolled down again. For the first time the expression “Sisyphean labor” is found in the elegy (2, 17) of the Roman poet Proportion (1st century BC)

Titans
In Greek mythology, the children of Uranus (heaven) and Gaia (earth), rebelled against the Olympian gods, for which they were cast into Tartarus (Hesiod, Theogony). Metaphorically, human titans, distinguished by strength, gigantic power of mind, geniuses; titanic - huge, grandiose.

Philemon and Baucis
In the ancient Greek legend, processed by Ovid (Metamorphoses, 8, 610 et al.), there is a couple of modest elderly spouses who cordially received Jupiter and Mercury, who came to them in the form of weary travelers. When the gods, angry that the rest of the inhabitants of the area did not show them hospitality, flooded it, the hut of Philemon and Baucis, which remained undamaged, was turned into a temple, and the couple became priests. According to their wishes, they died at the same time - the gods turned Philemon into an oak tree, and Baucis into a linden tree. Hence Philemon and Baucis became synonymous with the inseparable pair of old spouses.

Fortune. Wheel of Fortune
Fortuna is the goddess of blind chance, happiness and misfortune in Roman mythology. She was depicted blindfolded, standing on a ball or wheel and holding a steering wheel in one hand and a cornucopia in the other. The rudder indicated that fortune controls a person’s destiny, the cornucopia - the well-being, the abundance that it can give, and the ball or wheel emphasized its constant variability. Her name and the expression “wheel of fortune” are used to mean: chance, blind happiness.

Fury
In Roman mythology - each of the three goddesses of vengeance (in Greek myth. - Erinyes). Aeschylus, who brought the Erinyes onto the stage, depicted them as disgusting old women with snakes for hair, with bloodshot eyes, protruding tongues and bared teeth. A symbol of vengeance, figuratively an angry angry woman.

Chimera
In Greek mythology, a fire-breathing monster, described in various ways. Homer in the Iliad (6, 180) reports that it has the head of a lion, the body of a goat and the tail of a dragon. Hesiod in Theogony states that the chimera has three heads (lion, goat, dragon). Allegorically, a chimera is something unreal, the fruit of an idea.

Cerberus
In Greek mythology, a three-headed dog guarding the entrance to the underworld (Hades). It was first described in the “Theogony” of the ancient Greek poet Hesiod; Virgil speaks about her (“Aeneid”, 6), etc. Hence the word “Cerberus” (Latin form; Greek Kerber) is used figuratively in the meaning: a fierce, vigilant guard, and also an evil dog.

Circe
Circe (Latin form; Greek Kirke) - according to Homer, an insidious sorceress. The Odyssey (10, 337-501) tells how, with the help of a magic drink, she turned Odysseus’s companions into pigs. Odysseus, to whom Hermes gave a magical plant, defeated her spell, and she invited him to share her love. Having forced Circe to swear that she was not plotting anything bad against him and would return his companions to human form, Odysseus bowed to her proposal. Her name became synonymous with a dangerous beauty, an insidious seductress.

Apple of discord
This expression means: the subject, the cause of a dispute, enmity, was first used by the Roman historian Justin (2nd century AD). It is based on a Greek myth. The goddess of discord, Eris, rolled a golden apple with the inscription: “To the most beautiful” between the guests at the wedding feast. Among the guests were the goddesses Hera, Athena and Aphrodite, who argued about which of them should receive the apple. Their dispute was resolved by Paris, the son of the Trojan king Priam, by awarding the apple to Aphrodite. In gratitude, Aphrodite helped Paris kidnap Helen, the wife of the Spartan king Menelaus, which caused the Trojan War.

Pandora's Box
An expression that means: the source of misfortune, great disasters; arose from the poem “Works and Days” by the Greek poet Hesiod, which tells that people once lived without knowing any misfortunes, illnesses or old age, until Prometheus stole fire from the gods; for this, the angry Zeus sent to earth beautiful woman- Pandora; she received from Zeus a casket in which all human misfortunes were locked. Spurred on by curiosity, Pandora opened the casket and scattered all the misfortunes.

Tenth Muse
Ancient mythology counted nine muses (goddesses - patronesses of the sciences and arts). The ancient Greek poet Hesiod in “Theogony” (“Genealogy of the Gods”, 77) for the first time in the sources that have reached us names their names. The delimitation of the fields of science and art (lyric poetry, history, comedy, tragedy, dance, love poetry, hymns, astronomy and epic) and their assignment to certain muses was made in a later era (3rd - 1st centuries BC) .).
The expression “tenth muse” denotes any area of ​​art that mainly emerged again and was not included in the canonical list: in the 18th century. That's what criticism was called in the middle of the 19th century. in Germany - variety theater, in our time - cinema, radio, television, etc.

golden shower
This image arose from the Greek myth of Zeus, who, captivated by the beauty of Danae, the daughter of the Argive king Acrisius, appeared to her in the form of golden rain, after which her son Perseus was born.
Danaë, showered with a shower of gold coins, is depicted in the paintings of many Renaissance artists (Titian, Correggio, Van Dyck, etc.). The expression is used to mean: big money. Figuratively, “golden shower” is the name for easily obtained wealth.

Cyclops. Cyclopean buildings
In Greek mythology, one-eyed giant blacksmiths. The ancient Greek poet Hesiod (8th-7th centuries BC) in “Theogony” (“Genealogy of the Gods”) says that they forged lightning and thunder arrows for Zeus. According to Homer (Odyssey, 9, 475) - one-eyed strongmen, giants, cannibals, cruel and rude, living in caves on the tops of mountains, engaged in cattle breeding. The Cyclopes were credited with building gigantic structures. Hence “Cyclops” is used to mean one-eyed, as well as a blacksmith. “Cyclopean building” is a huge structure.

According to some unnamed abstract

Goal: to introduce students to the origin of phraseological units, teach them to understand their meaning and use them in speech, show the inextricable connection of the language with the history of the people, develop students’ oral speech, and cultivate interest in the Russian language.

Equipment: cards with popular expressions, pictures.

Progress of the lesson

Org moment.

Communicate the topic and objectives of the lesson.

Getting to know popular words and expressions.

1. Opening remarks teachers.

The history of many stable turnovers is difficult to explain, since they appeared a very long time ago. Expressions “carelessly” And “rolling up my sleeves” originated in those distant times when Russians wore clothes with very long sleeves: for men they reached 95 centimeters, and for women they were even longer by 40 centimeters. Try to work with such sleeves - it will be uncomfortable, it will turn out bad. To get things done, you had to roll up your sleeves. The people noticed this and began to talk about people who did something lazily, reluctantly, slowly, that they were working “carelessly.” And even now they say about a good, skillful worker that he works “with his sleeves rolled up,” although the sleeves may be so short that there is no need to roll them up.

A poem was written about these stable phrases:

“Behind the house, the grass had barely turned yellow,
Two brothers were chopping wood.
One did it “carelessly”,
The other is “rolling up your sleeves.”

Well known to you “Topsy-turvy - inside out” was born in ancient times and was associated with humiliating punishment. The guilty boyar was seated backwards on an old horse, having previously been ritualized. Rich boyar clothes with an embroidered collar - topsy-turvy - were worn inside out - topsy-turvy. In this form, the culprit was driven through the streets to the whistling and hooting of the crowd. And now we say “topsy-turvy” if we put something on backwards, inside out. But one can also say: his whole story is “topsy-turvy”; you do everything “topsy-turvy.” How do you understand these sentences?

All of you, of course, have heard the expression “shout at the top of Ivanovo”(very loud). And this expression is connected with the Moscow Kremlin. The square in the Kremlin on which the bell tower of Ivan the Great stands was called “Ivanovo”. On this square, special people - clerks - announced decrees, orders and other documents concerning the residents of Moscow and the entire people of Russia. So that everyone could hear clearly, the clerk read very loudly, hence the expression: “shouted at the top of Ivanovo.”

These stable expressions in Russian are called catchphrases(phraseologisms).

Some stable phrases that became popular were taken from Russian fairy tales and fables. Many of them are familiar to you.

2. Quiz game “Guess.”

What fairy tales and fables are these from?

• “stand before me like a leaf before the grass” (Sivka-Burka)
• “horns and legs” (The Tale of the Gray Goat)
• “To whom are roots, and to whom are tops” (The Man and the Bear)
• “The beaten one is lucky for the unbeaten one” (Sister Fox and gray wolf)
• “and a flatterer will always find a corner in the heart”, “joy stole the breath from the goiter” (I. Krylov “The Crow and the Fox”)
• “for such insolence I will rip your head off”, “it’s your fault that I want to eat” (I. Krylov “The Wolf and the Lamb”)
• “The jumping dragonfly sang red summer” (I. Krylov “The Dragonfly and the Ant”.

3. Teacher reading the story “Three Riddles” by N. Sladkov.

“The guys quarreled during recess. One shouts:

I'll show you where crayfish spend the winter!

And the second one to him:

Look, he's gone crazy!

Then the duty officer ran up to the guys, let’s pull them away. And they attacked him:

You're watching everything! You probably sleep with your eyes open!

And the duty officer suddenly shouts:

Stop, guys! Solve your riddles!

What riddles? – the guys were surprised and unclenched their fists.

And here they are! - said the duty officer - Listen! Where did the expressions come from: “where the crayfish spend the winter”, “bends every effort”, “sleeps with his eyes open.”

Now listen to where these expressions came from (prepared students tell us):

• The expression “I will show you where the crayfish spend the winter” is associated with the history of our people. Many landowners loved to feast on fresh crayfish, but in winter it was difficult to catch them: crayfish hide under snags, dig holes in the banks of rivers and lakes and spend the winter there. In the winter, guilty peasants were sent to catch crayfish and had to get crayfish out of the icy water. A lot of time passes before the peasant catches crayfish. He will freeze in his shabby clothes and his hands will get cold. And often after this the person became seriously ill, and sometimes died. That’s where it came from - if they want to seriously punish someone, they say: “I’ll show you where the crayfish spend the winter.”
• The other two phrases - “go out of your way” and “sleep with your eyes open” - are associated with the animal world. Crayfish and snakes molt, that is, crawl out of their skin. Fish sleep with their eyes open, as if they can see everything even in their dreams. To be more precise, the film covering their eyes is very thin and transparent.

4. Dramatizing the story.

Notice what words and expressions the children used:

The son of a forester once invited us to his place. He says, let's go and hunt for mushrooms and fish. Let's cook the fish soup - You'll lick your fingers. Of course, we were happy ears hung open, let's listen. My brother is like that lost his head with happiness . Why! We'll spend the night in the forest, pitch a tent, light a fire, and fire a gun. Then he gave me no peace. Let's go, let's go!

They say he is such a master at catching fish! He's on it ate the dog!

But he deceived us. We agreed to come on Saturday evening. 5 kilometers They walked away in one breath. But our friend was not at home.

He left, they say, to visit his aunt on Sunday.

He invited us to fish and hunt!

What a blabbermouth (indignantly)!!! Always to someone fools his head.

At my brother's tears in three streams. Of course I don't either at ease.

It's okay, kids, come with me.

And let's go. And they caught fish, and they lit a fire, and there was fish soup - neither to say in a fairy tale, nor to describe with a pen. Only grandfather didn’t give us a gun. Still small.

What popular words and expressions were found in this story? (answer: “finger-licking”, “lose your ears”, “lose your head”, “eat the dog”, “in one breath”, “fool your head”, “cry in three streams”, “be out of your element”, “nor to say in a fairy tale, not to describe with a pen”)

5. Game “Say the Word”

It is necessary to continue the poem and explain the meaning of the phraseological combination.

More friendly than these two guys
You won't find it in the world.
They usually say about them:
Water... (you can't spill it)

We left the town
Literally up and down
And we are so tired on the road,
What barely... (drag their feet)

Your comrade asks furtively
Copy the answers from your notebook.
No need! After all, with this you are a friend
You will do... (a disservice)

They falsify, they confuse words,
They sing, some go to the forest... (some for firewood)
The guys won't listen to them:
This song makes my ears... (wither)

Baby hedgehogs are everywhere!
And what is there to be surprised about?
After all, mom always keeps them
In hedgehog... (mittens)

They told me: “Yours Alyosha
During the lesson I sat down in ... (galoshes)”
I laugh: “It’s a lie,
There are no galoshes that big!”

6. Working with illustrations.

What stable turns did the artist draw these illustrations for?

What do they mean?

7. Game for attention: “Guess what it is”

Answer the question with a catchphrase:

1. They hang him out of despondency; he is bullied, wondering; they poke him everywhere, interfering in someone else’s business... (hang your nose, turn up your nose, poke your nose into someone else’s business)
2. Not flowers, but withering; not their hands, but clapping them if they don’t understand something; not laundry, but they are hung out by the overly gullible and curious (ears wither, flap ears, hang ears)
3. They swallow it, stubbornly not wanting to talk about anything; it is well-spoken in a person who speaks smartly and easily; they pull or tug on him, persistently forcing him to speak out... (swallow the tongue, the tongue is well suspended, pull the tongue, hold the tongue between the teeth)

8. Competition for the best translator.

Let's see how you have learned the meaning of phraseological units. Read Dunno's story. Replace phraseological units with appropriate expressions (the text is written on the board):

“I woke up in the morning, cats were scratching at my soul. I went to Vintik’s workshop and spent a long time kicking around. He returned neither alive nor dead, ate 6 cutlets in half with grief and drank a teaspoon of tomato juice every hour. Then Pilyulkin fell out of the blue, threw lightning bolts, ordered it to be noted on the nose that one should wash one’s hands before eating, and even if I had a stake on my head, I couldn’t help it.”

What expressions did Dunno use in his speech?

Are they always appropriate?

Why are catchphrases needed in speech?

9. Game “How do they talk about it?”

Answer with a catchphrase (a picture is provided to help):

1. About a very crowded room (drawing of an apple) - there's nowhere for the apple to fall
2. About complete silence (drawing of a fly) – you can hear a fly fly by
3. About a person who is blamed on someone else, responsible for someone else’s misdeed (drawing of a goat) - scapegoat
4. About a lucky person happy man(shirt drawing) – born in a shirt
5. About a person who feels good, free, at ease in any environment (drawing of a fish) - swims like a fish in water

VI. Summing up

What did you like about the lesson?

What new have you learned?