Psychoactive substances and their effects on the human body. Mozhaisk Deanery Mentally active substances

Classification of surfactants (according to ICD-10)

Types of psychoactive substances (PAS)

1. Based on their origin, psychoactive substances and drugs are divided into:

A. vegetable;

b. semi-synthetic (synthesized from plant raw materials);

V. synthetic ones are also divided according to their mode of action on the body.

Not all psychoactive substances are drugs, but all drugs are psychoactive substances.

Combined classifications of surfactants.

Psychoactive substances (according to A. Dubrov)

CNS stimulants

¦ +Psychomotor

¦ ¦ +Purines

¦ ¦ ¦ +Caffeine

¦ ¦ ¦ +Theophylline

¦ ¦ ¦ LTheobromine

¦ ¦ +Phenisopropylamines

¦ ¦ ¦ +Amphetamine

¦ ¦ ¦ +Methamphetamine

¦ ¦ ¦ LSidnokarb

¦ ¦ +Cocaine

¦ ¦ LNicotine

¦ +Antidepressants

¦ LNootropics]

Hyperstimulants (psychedelics)

¦ +Empathogens

¦ +Phenethylamines

¦ LIndolic

¦ +Beta-carbolines

¦ ¦ +Garmin

¦ ¦ LHarmaline

¦ +Tryptamines

¦ ¦ +DMT (dimethyltryptamine)

¦ ¦ +5-MeO-DMT (5-methoxy-dimethyltryptamine)

¦ ¦ Lpsilocybin

¦ Llysergic

Cannabis (marijuana)

Depressants

¦ +Hypnotics

¦ ¦ +Barbiturates

¦ ¦ LBenzodiazepines

¦ +Means for inhalation anesthesia

¦ ¦ L Solvent and glue

¦ +Sedatives

¦ +Tranquilizers

¦ Ethyl alcohol

Dissociatives

¦ +Anesthetics

¦ ¦ +Ketamine

¦ ¦ LDXM (dextromethorphan)

¦ Anticholinergics

¦ +Datura

¦ +Cyclodol

Semi-synthetic

¦ LHeroin

Organic

¦ +Codeine

¦ L Morphine

L Synthetic

Fentanyl

LPromedol

2. By strength.

The smaller the amount of a substance you need to take in order to fully feel its effect, the stronger, the more psychoactive it is. For LSD, for example, the canonical dose is 100 micrograms, while for ethanol the dose is measured in tens of grams. Depending on the individual’s metabolic characteristics, the substance may have little or no effect on him or her, or it may have a much stronger effect (hypersensitivity). It is also customary to measure the dose in grams of a substance per kilogram of weight.

The division according to the strength of dependence is ambiguous. The leaders in this indicator among substances are: heroin, cocaine and sometimes nicotine, as well as alcohol. Among the classes of substances, opiates and stimulants are distinguished as highly addictive, and barbiturates can also be highly addictive, although the reactions of individual people to various drugs can be very individual.

Coffee and tea containing purines have a mild stimulating effect. “Recreational drugs” usually mean marijuana and sometimes some psychedelics.

3. Mechanism of action.

Psychoactive substances have a diverse effect on the central nervous system at any level of central nervous system functioning: molecular, cellular, systemic, synaptic. In general, any such influence is accompanied by a change in metabolism at the level at which this influence occurs.

4. Paths of entry.

Psychoactive substances can enter the body in a variety of ways; common methods are:

orally, through the digestive system,

injection - intramuscular or intravenous,

through the mucous membranes, including intranasally (through the nasopharynx by inhaling crushed substances)

through the lungs, by smoking or inhaling vapors

The psychoactive substance goes through a complex path in the body, depending on the method of administration, it can be processed by the body into derivatives, and, passing through the blood-brain barrier, it affects the balance of neurotransmitters in the brain, thus changing the tuning of the nervous system.

5. Tolerance.

The higher the user’s tolerance to a substance, the larger doses he needs to obtain the expected effect. Tolerance usually develops when taking a substance and subsides over time. Tolerance develops quickly for caffeine and opiates. The more often and more a substance is used, the faster tolerance grows.

Classic psychedelics (LSD, psilocybin, mescaline) have a kind of tolerance - when taking one of these substances, tolerance increases very quickly, literally a few hours after the onset of action, but subsides completely in about a week. Moreover, psychedelics are characterized by cross-tolerance; for example, taking psilocybin the day after taking LSD, depending on individual sensitivity and the amount of substance, will either have no effect at all or the effect will be significantly reduced and short-lived. Cross-tolerance to psychedelics also completely disappears in about one week.

It is noted that some substances, for example, salvinorin, a natural dissociative found in the Mexican sage Salvia divinorum, may experience reverse tolerance, meaning the phenomenon that with long-term use, a smaller amount of a substance is required to achieve the same effect.

6. Formation of dependence and withdrawal syndrome.

Typically, the formation of addiction is associated with the abuse of psychoactive substances and its systematic use. Although the effect of substances on a person is very individual, it can be said that among the most common substances, addiction develops most quickly when taking heroin and the stimulant Pervitin; psychostimulants cocaine and methamphetamine can also be distinguished.

There is an opinion that psychological dependence is caused by substances that act on the circulation of endogenous neurotransmitters in the body (the number of which is limited, the balance is restored gradually), and physical dependence is caused by directly affecting the nervous system (the use of such substances for pleasure is characterized by a constant increase in dose). The nature of the impact in both cases has a neurochemical basis that affects the human psyche.

Physiological dependence is formed when the body gets used to the regular exogenous intake of substances involved in metabolism into the body and reduces their endogenous production, thus, when the intake of a substance into the body ceases, a need for this substance arises due to physiological processes. This may be due to both the substance itself and its metabolites, for example, heroin is metabolized into morphine, which acts on opioid receptors, by removing acetyl groups. Alcohol affects the nervous system directly by connecting to GABA receptors. Nicotine affects nicotinic cholinergic receptors, stimulating the release of adrenaline.

Psychological dependence is associated mainly with pleasant sensations from substances that stimulate a person to repeat them. Under the influence opiates While a person may not appreciate pain and anxiety, one way stimulants work is to increase self-esteem and energy.

Surfactants are herbal, pharmacological, industrial and other drugs that, when entering the body, are capable of pleasantly changing the mental state of a person, and their further use leads to the fact that the user’s body cannot do without these substances, chemical dependence occurs, the leading role in the emergence of which structures and mechanisms of the brain play (the cerebral link of pleasure - the so-called limbic system - from the Latin cerebrum brain).

According to medical, social and legal criteria, surfactants are conditionally divided into 3 groups:

Alcohol (ethanol, wine spirit);

Drugs (heroin, cocaine, etc.);

Toxic substances (caffeine, nicotine, volatile organic solvents, etc.).

What they have in common is that addiction and then dependence are formed for all of them: for some - slowly, over months and years, for others - faster, and for others - very quickly, after just one or three uses. Much depends on first impressions, and they, in turn, are determined by the type of substance, the correctly selected dose, the method of administration into the body, the specifics of the situation of use, the general mood, preliminary suggestions of those who already have experience of use, the state of the body and the emotional sphere, and etc. The more pleasant the first impressions, the more likely repeated use is, especially if it occurs in the same environment, under the same or similar circumstances.

The severity of chemical dependence is determined primarily by the type of psychoactive substance. The chemical nature of the substance also affects the rate at which addiction develops and its physical and psychological consequences. However, there are no harmless surfactants. Only with a large degree of convention can they be divided into drugs “light”, “moderate”, “heavy” and “extra-heavy”. But at the same time, “light” caffeine can lead to deep mental disorders. The consequences of acute and chronic nicotine intoxication are well known. Everyone also knows that alcohol abuse leads to a very wide range of various medical consequences - direct and indirect.

The range of influence of surfactants on the body as a whole and on the emotional sphere in particular is very wide. Moreover, this applies to caffeine and tobacco, as well as heroin and cocaine. The particular severity of the consequences of using surfactants is not only due to the fact that they form a chemical dependence. Along with addiction, the entire body is systematically (!) destroyed. Chronic use of psychoactive substances, no matter how mild they may seem, leads to disorders of the nervous system and psyche, to emotional instability and deep mood swings, to changes in character and personality up to its decline and social degradation, to memory and intellectual impairments, liver diseases and others. organs, lead to the occurrence of psychoses and life-threatening toxic conditions. In ICD-10 (F10 – F19) they are designated as “mental and behavioral disorders due to the use of psychoactive substances.”

However, along with mental and personality disorders, addiction to a number of psychoactive substances is accompanied by many other serious and dangerous diseases: AIDS, viral hepatitis, tuberculosis, sexually transmitted diseases, etc. Along with this, there is often an asocial lifestyle and acts such as selling drugs and involving others, assault and robbery, theft, burglary, prostitution, murder and suicide, domestic violence, abandoned children, and many others.

Psychoactive substances entering the body are able to be involved in the finest mechanisms of higher nervous activity - especially those parts of it that provide regulation of emotions and which are responsible for the formation of various shades of mood and general well-being. The actual psychological activity of these substances is due to the fact that their chemical structure corresponds either to natural processes in the central nervous system, or to special perceptive apparatus (receptors) of the brain and substances involved in neuromediation and neuromodulation, i.e. in the transmission and modification of nerve impulses.

Substances similar to psychoactive drugs are present in the body and they are necessary for life processes and functioning. However, the amount (concentration) of such endogenous (internal) substances is as small as is necessary for normal self-regulation and ensuring homeostasis, i.e. stable state of the body and mood. When surfactants enter from outside (exogenously), the body, on the one hand, activates all its systems for accelerated processing of these substances and their detoxification. On the other hand, the perceptive (receptor) formations of brain cells are forced to restructure. The number of receptors increases, since the concentration of surfactants due to their entry from the outside is many times greater than the natural level of internal surfactants.

Over time, the brain and the entire body, all metabolic systems, mechanisms for maintaining and ensuring life are rebuilt so much that they subsequently lose the ability to function normally in the absence or very small amount of those surfactants to which the body is accustomed to high concentrations. The lack of a necessary substance is similar to food hunger or thirst with the need for water, but it is much more complex and deeper, since it is more systemic, i.e. affects everything at the same time. In severe addictions, deprivation of alcohol or drugs (withdrawal syndrome, abstinence from fr.absans, absence) can lead to psychosis, severe general disorders (including pain syndrome) and may even be incompatible with life: without a psychoactive substance the body is already not only cannot feel comfortable, but cannot even exist physically.

This, in fact, is the essence of chemical dependence. It inevitably becomes physical, although with different depths of organismal changes with different substances. The psychological side of chemical dependence lies in the subject’s experience of a feeling of need for psychoactive substances, in the presence of a pathological attraction to psychoactive substances, in the captivity of the personality and in its lack of freedom: addiction controls the patient’s behavior.

According to the international classification of diseases, addiction to psychoactive substances is divided into 9 classes. The class is determined by which substance dominates the use of the patient:

Alcohol;

Opioids (opium, heroin, morphine, codeine, methadone, etc.);

Cannabinoids (hashish, anasha, marijuana);

Sedatives and hypnotics (barbiturates, tranquilizers, noxiron, etc.);

Cocaine (pure cocaine, crack);

Hallucinogens (LSD, phencyclidine, mescaline, psilocybin and many others);

Tobacco (nicotine);

Psychostimulants (caffeine, amphetamines, ephedron, etc.);

Volatile solvents (gasoline, varnishes, glue, aerosols, etc.).

In reality, there are a huge variety of psychoactive substances. Their place in people's lives, in medicine, in industry, in science is determined by state policy and relevant legislation. There are drugs whose production is generally prohibited. However, to our deep regret, there is an illegal trade in surfactants: illegal production, acquisition, storage, transportation, forwarding, sales; cultivation and cultivation of the necessary plants; theft of narcotic and psychotropic drugs, i.e. everything that is provided for in Articles 228-234 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation as crimes against public health.

Alcohol, opioids, cannabinoids, sedatives and hypnotic drugs, cocaine, other psychostimulants, hallucinogens and volatile solvents with the exception of tobacco and caffeine;... Source: Order of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation dated July 31, 2009 N 128 (ed. from... ... Official terminology

psychoactive substances- Alcohol, opioids, cannabinoids, sedatives and hypnotics, cocaine, other psychostimulants, hallucinogens and volatile solvents excluding tobacco and caffeine. [FAP dated July 31, 2009] Topics: aviation regulations... Technical Translator's Guide

PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES- - chemical substances that, with a single dose, can change mood, physical condition, self-perception, perception of the environment, behavior, and when taken systematically, cause mental or physical dependence... Terminological juvenile dictionary

Psychoactive substances are any chemical compound (or mixture) of natural or artificial origin that affects the functioning of the central nervous system, leading to a change in mental state. These changes may... ... Wikipedia

Pharmacy packaging of heroin, 19th century The caffeinated drink coffee is one of the most widely used drugs... Wikipedia

Psychedelics (also psychedelics) are a class of psychoactive substances whose action primarily consists of changing habitual thinking and perception (creating altered states of consciousness). According to the chemical structure, psychedelics, as a rule, ... ... Wikipedia

- (“dissociatives”) psychoactive substances that disrupt the perception of the outside world and lead to disruption of the normal functioning of consciousness. A typical example is phencyclidine (PCP, “angel dust”) and ketamine, which were originally... ... Wikipedia

Books

Russian teenager and surfactant. Technologies of pedagogical prevention. Regional aspect, Alexey Galaguzov, M. S. Martynova, S. S. Gil, Yu. P. Gusev. Russian teenager and psychoactive substances. This manual is addressed primarily to those teachers who remember that the name of their profession means leader. For those who are confident and...
Russian teenager and psychoactive substances Technologies of pedagogical prevention Regional aspect, Galaguzov A., Gil S., Gusev Yu., Martynova M.. This manual is addressed primarily to those teachers who remember that the name of their profession means leader. Those who confidently and at the same time carefully guide their students through...

Under observation in dispensaries by the end of the first half of 2000. There were 350 thousand drug addicts, or their number increased in the 90s. - 12 times. According to experts, the real number is 7-10 times higher than this figure, i.e., it actually reaches 2.5-3 million people.

Developed in 1998 Federal target program “Comprehensive measures to combat drug abuse and drug abuse”horse turnover for 1999-2001" involves the use of a wide variety of measures, with the main emphasis placed on efforts of a preventive, prophylactic nature.

unwillingness to adhere to established rules of behavior
at school and at home;

· irritability, nervousness, isolation, secrecy;

· emergence of a new company, negative attitude towards the old one;

· appearance of limited interests;

· constant need for pocket money;

· frequent absence from home;

appearance of injection marks in the area of the arteries
elbow joint or along the arteries of the upper limb;

· sparkle in the eyes.

Treatment drug addicts, getting rid of drug addiction is not only a medical problem in its purest form. State, public, legal and social institutions should be equally interested in its positive solution, and literature, art and the media should contribute to this.

A psychoactive substance is understood as any chemical substance that, with a single dose, can change mood, physical state, self-awareness and perception of the environment, behavior or other psychophysical effects desirable from the consumer’s point of view, and with systematic use - mental and physical dependence. Psychoactive substances include narcotics and toxic agents. This does not include drugs with a psychotropic effect (so-called psychotropic substances) approved for medical use by the pharmacological committee.

A drug is understood as a substance that meets the following criteria: 1) this substance has a specific effect (sedative, stimulant, hallucinogenic, etc.) on the central nervous system, which is the reason for its non-medical use (medical criterion); 2) non-medical consumption of the substance is on a large scale and the consequences of this acquire social significance (social criterion); 3) the substance is recognized as a narcotic in accordance with the procedure established by law and is included by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation in the list of narcotic drugs (legal criterion). Consequently, narcotic drugs include substances that are included in the List of Narcotic Drugs determined by WHO. If the substance used is not included in this list, then it is not called a narcotic, but a toxic one. The separation of toxic and narcotic drugs is not so much of medical as legal significance, since the manufacture, acquisition, storage and other illegal actions with narcotic drugs are punishable by law (Articles 228-231 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation), but toxic drugs are not.

This understanding of the term drug is not accepted in all countries. In the United States, only opium and its natural and synthetic preparations are usually classified as narcotic substances. Cocaine, hallucinogens, and amphetamines are not drugs, but their abuse is punished by law as strictly as the abuse of opiates.

Psychoactive drugs that are not classified as drugs are usually called toxic. They have all the psychotropic properties of drugs and have common patterns of addiction formation with drugs. Moreover, disorders resulting from developing dependence on certain toxic substances can be even more severe than those caused by drug use. However, the social danger of their abuse is not yet so high, and as a result they are not recognized as drugs. A number of toxic substances, despite the large scale of their abuse, and psychotropic drugs cannot be included in the list of narcotic drugs. This is due to the fact that the criminal legislation of the Russian Federation (as well as the criminal legislation of most other countries) provides for criminal punishment for the illegal acquisition, storage, production, processing, transportation, shipment or sale of narcotic drugs. Such restrictive measures are impossible in relation to alcohol, tobacco, some psychotropic drugs, and almost all household chemicals containing various toxic substances.

Medical classifications of psychoactive substances are traditionally based on the characteristics of the action of various drugs on the central nervous system (stimulants, hallucinogens, euphorizers, tranquilizers, sedatives, etc.) or on the route of administration (inhalants). The same substance, depending on the dose and route of administration, may have different effects.

The most common are pragmatic classifications that reflect the practical needs of narcology.

In accordance with the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), psychoactive drugs include: alcohol, opioids, cannabinoids, sedatives or hypnotics, cocaine, stimulants, including caffeine, hallucinogens, tobacco, volatile solvents.

The American Psychiatric Classification (DSM-IV) distinguishes 11 classes of psychoactive substances according to the type of active substance: alcohol, amphetamine and similar sympathomimetics, caffeine, cannabis, cocaine, hallucinogens, inhalants, nicotine, opioids, phencyclidine and similar arylcyclohexamines (in our abuse of such substances used in the fattening of livestock has not been reported in the country), sleeping pills or sedatives.