Tasks.

• To give the concept of a historical genre in the fine arts and to determine the reasons why artists of different times and peoples turned to historical themes, to determine the meaning of works of a historical genre.
• Develop skills and abilities when working with graphic and pictorial materials in the process of creating a sketch on historical topic.
• To develop an aesthetic attitude to reality, an emotional and value perception of artists’ works and respect for the work of masters.

Equipment.

• Reproductions of paintings, sculptures with images of works:
• I. Repin “Cossacks write a letter to the Turkish Sultan”, “Barge Haulers on the Volga”, “Ivan the Terrible and his son Ivan”; V.I. Surikov “The Morning of the Streltsy Execution”, “Boyaryna Morozova”, “Suvorov’s Crossing of the Alps”, V. Vasnetsov “Tsar Ivan the Terrible”; MM. Antokolsky “Ivan the Terrible” O. Rodin “Citizens of Calais”; P.D. Korin “Alexander Nevsky”; A. Deineka “Defense of Sevastopol”, Rembrant Van Rijn “Night Watch”; J.L.David “Oath of the Horatii” and others.
• Samples of teacher's drawings and tables.
• Children's works.
• Musical fragments of works by M. Mussorgsky, A. Lyadov.
• Computer, projector. Presentation for the lesson “Historical genre. The process of creating a painting.” (Appendix 1)

Materials.

• Paper, cardboard, pencil, brushes, watercolor, sanguine, sepia, wax crayons.

Exercise.

• Sketches and sketches for creating a collective composition on a historical theme.

Lesson plan.

Lesson 1

I. Organizational moment.

II. Announcing the topic of the lesson. Defining lesson objectives.

III. Historical genre in fine arts. Acquaintance with new material, conversation with viewing of the presentation.

IV. Discussion of artists' works. Fine analysis of the composition of the painting.

Lesson 2

I. The process of creating a work of art. Stages of working on a painting.

II. Practical work

Teacher showing techniques for working with graphic materials

Students create an idea sketch on a historical theme.

III. Viewing and discussing the work, summing up the results.

Lesson 1

I. Organizational moment.

II. Announcing the topic of the lesson. Defining lesson objectives

III. Historical genre in fine arts.

The historical genre is dedicated to the depiction of significant historical events, phenomena, and military figures. Mainly refers to the historical past, but can also show recent events if their historical significance is recognized by contemporaries.

It is often intertwined with other genres: everyday life (historical and everyday images), portrait (figures of the past, portrait-historical compositions), landscape (historical landscape). But the historical genre merges especially closely with the battle genre when historical battles (battles, battles) and military events are shown.

The historical genre can be represented in painting, sculpture and graphics ( students look at reproductions, illustrations in books, presentation slides, the teacher names the authors and names of paintings and sculptures). (Appendix 1)

The origins of the historical genre go back to ancient times, when memories of real events were intertwined with folklore fiction and myths. In Ancient Egypt - reliefs and wall paintings on the themes of battles, campaigns, travels, victories of the ruler and his troops. In ancient Greece - mythical themes and images on vases, on reliefs, in Rome - relief images of scenes of military triumphs. In medieval Europe, religious subjects were viewed as historical, and real events were given a sacred meaning (drawings of carpets, miniatures).

The historical genre itself began to take shape during the Renaissance in Europe (14th-16th centuries), which was facilitated by the entire culture of humanism and the awakening of interest in historical knowledge (wall paintings depicting battles and real events).

By the 17th century, genres in art had already taken final shape (especially with the advent of easel art) and the historical genre took a leading position in classicism. The opinion has been established that this genre is high, including both historical subjects and religious-mythological subjects. The compositions represented ancient heroes and ruling monarchs ( display of reproductions.).

In Russia, the historical genre developed in the 18th and 19th centuries. and was associated with the emergence of secular art, historical science, and educational ideas. A special role belonged to the large thematic picture, sculptural monuments and portraits on the theme of the War of 1812. Outstanding masters of historical painting were K. Bryullov, V.I. Surikov, I.E. Repin, V.M. Vasnetsov, N.N.Ge and others ( display of reproductions).

In the 19th and 20th centuries, artists in works of the historical genre reflected the events of many revolutions, the fight against fascism, and the events of liberation movements in different countries

(O. Rodin, P. Picasso, M. Grekov, A. A. Deineka, P. D. Koretsky, etc.) (Appendix 1)

IV. Discussion of artists' works. Fine analysis of the composition of the painting.

Works of the historical genre give us the opportunity not only to see the past, but also to experience it and become a participant in it.

Three works of historical genre: sculpture by M.M. Antokolsky “Ivan the Terrible”, a portrait of V. Vasnetsov “Tsar Ivan the Terrible” and a painting by I. Repin “Ivan the Terrible and his son Ivan”.

They show us one person, Ivan the Terrible, in different life situations, depicted from different positions of the authors of the works.

In the portrait of V. Vasnetsov he is a great tsar, a ruler, a powerful man, but in the painting by I. Repin the tsar is frightened and gripped by horror. This can be seen in facial expressions and gestures.

This is no longer a ruler and autocrat, but simply a man, a father who, under the influence of emotions, committed the murder of his own son, realized it and repented.

The picture shows a terrible scene, but calls for mercy and kindness.

This is the great power of art: to reach the human soul through contradiction and convey a call for goodness and compassion.

The next work is a sculpture by M.M. Antokolsky “Ivan the Terrible”. Here the hero seems tired, aged and no longer so formidable. Here is another image of the king (although his hand is still clenched into a fist), he is with his head bowed, aged, in thought.

Three works and three different images one person. The power of art helps us understand not only what is depicted and how, but also to think about ourselves and our actions.

Why do artists turn to historical events?

All paintings depict real historical events. It is very interesting for artists to travel around the world and through time. The viewer, together with the artist, also begins to travel and learn how people lived, what events took place, what they fought for and what heroes there were, what things and objects surrounded people, they learn about architecture and nature. In addition, the artist conveys to the audience his own opinion and attitude towards the depicted event. We feel this through the characters of the characters in the picture. The whole image seems to be alive, and we experience the past as if in life. We see people, their relationships, we think about the meaning of events, the meaning of victories and defeats, about why people perform feats. And people suffer and perform feats in order to protect their loved ones, country, homeland. Such people are heroes, you want to imitate them, to be as brave, courageous, and decisive.

With their works, artists teach us kindness, courage, heroism, and the beauty of human actions. Each painting and sculpture conveys to us not only real historical events (although this is also important), but also an image felt by the author (subtext), which often speaks even stronger than the image: in composition, in movement, in color.

Lesson 2

I. The process of creating a work of art. Stages of working on a painting.

Let's remember how an artistic image is created. Once again we are convinced that the artist seems to “pass” the depicted event through himself, lives it and conveys to the audience something important about his time, about the relationships of people, about the meaning of life. Therefore, when we communicate with genuine art, we begin to feel the idea and intention of the author, begin to reflect, and often find answers to life’s questions for ourselves, learn mercy, courage, and compassion.

What is valuable in the art of the historical genre? Works of the historical genre give us the opportunity not only to see the past, but also to experience it and become a participant in it.

Where does the picture begin? How to create it?

You can take canvas, paper and immediately draw, paint in oils. But you might want to fix something, swap the pieces or make something larger. No, you can’t paint a picture right away. You need to prepare first. Everything needs to be thought through.

So the artist has idea-image, which the author has been thinking about for some time. The artist first embodies this image in quick figurative sketches in pencil, charcoal, and even color. This is the first impression that the author wants to capture in order to further develop it into a whole picture. There may be several such sketches-images. Next, the author makes a sketch-idea, a sketch-image. There may also be several such sketches, because the artist is constantly looking for a better, more expressive material embodiment of his invisible image. The author can change the places of figures and objects, bring something to the foreground, something can be pushed into the background, that is, he is looking for an expressive composition. But in the process of work, this option can also be corrected and remade, because the artist’s internal representation changes. Changes can also be made in the composition - in accordance with the plan, idea. Always remember the diversity of any situation.

The artist needs to know what the characters look like, what they are wearing, what they are holding in their hands, what surrounds the characters in the picture. It is necessary to collect a lot of material and carry out a lot of search work:

• study material culture time, what makes the picture convincing ( household items, weapons, costumes, architecture);
• find images of the characters in the picture (sketches, sketches, sketches from life);
• find suitable landscapes, interiors, architectural fragments related to the chosen topic, that is, the historical background of the picture.

Such work can last for more than one month, even more than one year.

After collecting the material, the artist collects and summarizes his information into a composition - a developed sketch is born, which can also be further developed by the author (showing materials for the painting).

Now, based on the sketch, the master creates a picture, thinking through color, lighting, contrasting comparisons, and composition.

The work of some artists on their works sometimes takes several years (V. Vasnetsov, I. Repin, V. Surikov). Even in the final process of creating a painting, the author can make changes to the canvas in accordance with the vision of his idea.

So, the process of working on a painting may contain the following stages:

1. Sketch – an image of a future painting, which the artist saw with “inner vision”.

2. Study of the material culture of time.

3. Search for images of heroes.

4.Search for the environment in which the action takes place.

5. Sketch-composition.

6.Work on the final product.

This is not the final stage yet. For whom is the painting being created?

Of course, the audience should watch the work; it will definitely leave a certain mark on the soul. Of particular importance is who the author depicted and with what feeling; what is important is the artist’s attitude towards what is depicted.

The great power of art helps us understand not only what is depicted and how, but also to think about ourselves and our actions.

II. Creative task. Working on a composition sketch.

Today we have to create a sketch-idea for your future painting. We will listen to the music of M. Mussorgsky, and our imagination will suggest the plots of the works.

We remember that you can combine the historical genre with other genres in a sketch, create a historical portrait, a historical landscape, or create a sketch with a historical, everyday or battle plot.

You can use graphic materials (sanguine, pencil, felt-tip pen), use the expressiveness of the wax crayons technique in combination with watercolors.

Music plays, the teacher shows techniques on the board.

Students get to work.

Walking around the class, the teacher helps students choose the subject of the drawing, explains, complements, and helps.

After completion of the work, sketches on a historical theme are placed on a stand.

III. Viewing and discussing the work, summing up the results.

Artists are always interested in history. Art provides an opportunity for both the artist and the audience to visit the past. But it is very important that you can not only find out how people lived in the past, what surrounded them, but also experience these events together with the author, feel the character, emotions of the heroes, their inner world. The works of masters always teach us to distinguish between good and evil, to empathize with heroes, teach mercy and compassion, call us to heroic deeds, and inspire us to do nobler deeds.

Children's work is evaluated, after which students can use the completed sketches to collect material for a collective work on a historical topic.

Sources of information:

1. A story about Russian painting. G. Ostrovsky. Moscow. “ fine arts”.1989.

2. ABC of Russian painting. N. Astakhova, L. Zhukova. "White City" Moscow.2007.

3. Man in world artistic culture. Yu. Solodovnikov. 8th, 9th grade “Enlightenment”. Moscow.2005.

4. Russian artists. V. Artemov. “Rosman.” Moscow.2003.

5. Fine arts. O. Pavlova. Manual for teachers. 7th grade “Teacher”. Volgograd.2006.

7. Fine arts. 5-9 grades. Software and methodological materials. Ed. B. Nemensky. "Bustard". Moscow.2012.

8. Websites: www.bibliotekar.ru, www.museum.ru, www.iskusstvo.info.

The Great Holiday of the entire Russian people is approaching - the 70th anniversary of the victory in the Great Patriotic War Patriotic War 1941-1945. This is a very important date not only for our country, but also for the whole world. Our people, our army won that terrible war and saved the whole world from the brown fascist plague. Many soldiers died on the battlefields in those terrible years.

Many ordinary residents died in burned villages and cities, in besieged Leningrad, were tortured in concentration camps or went missing. To this day, some families do not know where their ancestors are buried... Great losses came with that war to our homes. But our grandfathers and great-grandfathers survived, they won!!! And now, for almost 70 years, every year on a clear May day on the 9th, we come to monuments and monuments to pay tribute to those who laid down their lives for our real life.

Undoubtedly, many of you want to draw for this memorable date a picture and give it to a veteran living next door, or maybe to your great-grandfather, if he is alive and fought in those distant years. And just like that, you can draw such a picture in memory of the people who selflessly fought in the Great Patriotic War for our Motherland!

Stage 1. Our drawing will contain a plot about the battle between our fighters and the fascists. In the foreground we depict two fighting warriors. First, let's sketch out the auxiliary lines. These are several points and lines connecting them. These lines are the skeletons of future figures of the warring soldiers of the Soviet and German armies.

Stage 2. Draw the back of the fascist. The shoulders, sides and collar of the shape - we make all these lines according to the initial sketches.

Stage 4. Now we draw the hands of a fascist soldier. Based on the sketches, we show parts of the hand and a large hand with fingers. The second hand is visible a little.

Stage 5. Add the lower part of the German warrior's uniform.

Stage 6. Draw the legs.

Stage 7. We give weapons to the warrior. Draw a long rifle with a bayonet knife.

Stage 8. Draw the head of a Soviet soldier. Let's detail the face. Add a helmet.

Stage 9. Draw the front part of the form.

Stage 10. We complement the elements of the form - sleeves, hands are visible. The soldier holds an ax in his hand.

Stage 11. Let's complete the lower part of the shape and legs.

Stage 12. Add shading to the drawing.

(2 ratings, average: 1,50 out of 5)

Creating pencil drawings for beginners may seem difficult and impossible. But believe me, it’s quite simple, even if these are the very first drawings in your life. Before explaining the whole process, how to do pencil drawings step by step, it is worth plunging into history.

A little history of the appearance of drawings

Since the sixteenth century AD. graphite pencil began to be widely used by people after, by chance, natural graphite was discovered in the place of trees torn out by a hurricane in England in the town of Cumberland. Subsequently, the evolution of the use of this material led us to such an interesting drawing tool as a pencil. It received its name from the Turkic families of languages, where “kara” means black and “dash” means stone. And although this tool was previously used only for drawing sketch lines and outlines of a drawing, today you can see beautiful drawings pencil, which depict 3D illustrations, portraits of world-famous people, tattoos, graffiti, animals, etc. Of course, there is a big difference between how to depict a monosyllabic figure, for example, a ball, and how to depict a person’s face with certain emotions . After all, this is a matter of professionalism. But any beginner can create noteworthy illustrations if they start by doing pencil drawings step by step, step by step.

How to draw eyes (video)

What is useful for drawing with a pencil

To start working with the tool, a simple hard pencil may be useful, black pen and a soft pencil. The pen is used to highlight deep shadows and blacker details of the drawing, for example, if you are drawing a bird, then the eye will need to be highlighted with a pen. To shade the strokes, use ordinary scraps of paper, which are used to rub the drawing and the individual strokes merge into shades gray, giving naturalness and life to the picture.

Why Pencil Drawings step by step?

Unlike oil, pencil can always be erased and corrected. Therefore, drawings begin to be made from primitive figures. To draw a face, draw an oval that describes the outline of the person's head. Then proportionally divide it into seven parts from the chin to the top of the head. And then the lips are marked with strokes, which start from the end of the lower part. The tip of the nose is drawn at the end of the second part, and the eyes are in the fourth part of the face. But for a professional portrait artist who draws with a pencil, there are other guidelines. They know that between the eyes of each person exactly the same eye could fit, and no more and no less. What unit of measurement of proportions can you take the width of the eye, and this will be the same distance as one of the seven parts into which the oval of the face is divided.

What difficulties may await us?

One of the complex objects is the human hand. There are entire books that describe how to do something like this. pencil drawings step by step. But if you understand the technique, it all seems quite simple. The palm is presented as a flat square shape, slightly curved outward. Draw the same semi-square fingers, consisting of separate segments. Then everything is softened and rounded, shadows are applied, shaded and voila - the picture is ready

Where to start drawing with a pencil?

Of course, if you just want to learn how to draw a little, you can start with animals.
To draw a rabbit, you can limit yourself to three ovals. Of which a large oval is the body, a small oval inside the large one is the hind leg and another one is the head. The same method can be used to depict many of our smaller brothers.

An important step on the path to quality pencil drawing

An important step on the path to high-quality pencil drawing is shading and subsequent shading. Circular shading, which is done in small circular motions, works very well for drawing skin and various similar textures. There are also long and cross hatches, the names of which speak for themselves. Rough shading is applied with a pencil lead sharpened with a spatula and is suitable for sketching and painting large areas. Well, black shading can be applied in different directions with very soft pencils, such as 6B, 7B. It is needed to depict the strongest shadows.

How to draw a 3D drawing (video)

How to Feather Hatching?

You can shade the shading, as mentioned above, with a piece of paper. But there are other ways. For example, a finger, a makeup brush, a rolled piece of paper with the tip cut off, and even an ear stick! What can experienced artists of this genre do?

Completion:

So, from the steps considered, the following can be distinguished: selection of the theme of the drawing, schematic representation of the object using primitive figures, shading and subsequent shading. And you can be sure that over time your experience will increase and replace a simple pencil and professional shading tools can come to hand. Who knows, maybe you will become a great artist in this genre, and the whole art world will recognize you!

In the picture, draw a boat and boyars, as in Pushkin’s fairy tales or about the scarlet flower.

There are boats on the blue sea. There are three boyars on the shore. From the bridge from the boat to the shore, peasants carry overseas goods. Drawing on the theme of trade in ancient times. A drawing of an ancient temple, a drawing of a historical event, a drawing of a portrait of a hero of a great historical battle.





Theme: Battle of Borodino. Hussars at a halt, portrait of a hussar, portrait of Kutuzov, battle scene.





Drawing about the Great Patriotic War. Air battle. In a sky black with smoke - draw a gray background of the sky and curls, or shading over the entire selected area with black smoke.

Two planes are flying towards each other.



Drawing a historical theme for school not an easy task. Mostly historical pictures with people come to mind. But if you don’t know how to draw people, but for example you are great at drawing ships, trains, architectural structures, nature, then a picture on a historical theme will also turn out very good.

Pictures can be drawn for famous historical events and dates.

Or simply draw a picture from the life of people of the past.

For example, a wooden church.



But what struck me most was this one children's drawing on a historical topic.

Derived from Italian word"istoria" ("descriptive"), the term "history painting" refers to any painting of heroic, religious or historical content. The plots of the paintings are based on real events, mythology, and biblical texts.

Initially, religious subjects dominated in the fine arts - during the formation of this style of painting in the Renaissance, the most popular were evangelical and biblical themes. Paintings by Surikov, Repin, Gericault, Rembrandt and other artists depict events important for the development of humanity, culture and social consciousness.

Main stories

Religious

Any paintings with religious themes, regardless of affiliation with a particular religion (Christian, Islamic, Hindu, Buddhist, Jewish or tribal religion). Christian stories cover the period from the beginning of our era to the present, distinguishing the art of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation and other subtypes.

Mythological

Paintings illustrating mythical history, legends. Popular topics: Greek deities, creation myths, Roman mythology and pantheon of gods.

Allegorical

Pictures from hidden meaning. On the canvas, one object or character symbolizes another.

Literary

Historical

Canvases illustrating real historical events with a high level of accuracy and authenticity. Particular attention is paid to details. A prominent representative of the direction is the Russian painter Vasily Surikov.

History of development

In his treatise On Painting, Italian Renaissance artist Alberti identifies the historical genre with the representation of saints and other biblical figures to demonstrate moral struggles, historical events related to the development of religion.

Renaissance

According to the tradition of the Renaissance, history painting aims to raise the moral level of society, ideal for the decoration of public spaces, churches, city halls or palaces.

Almost all artistic events in Italian pre-Renaissance and Renaissance art can be interpreted as prerequisites for the development of the direction of “history painting”:

During the Renaissance, the main features of the “historical painting” direction arose - great attention to detail, monumentality, scale, and the use of religious themes as the main one in the work of artists.

Renaissance

The historical genre of the Renaissance is represented by the following works:

Of the Baroque artists, Peter Paul Rubens clearly represents the historical genre. The main plots are mythological. Italian artist Caravaggio is known for his realistic religious paintings. Velazquez and Rembrandt are the authors of paintings on religious and mythological themes.

Baroque

In the Baroque era, the historical genre is represented by the works of:

In the 18th century

The historical genre of the 18th century is characterized by features not characteristic of previous eras. This period became a turning point in the development of painting. Artists sought to move away from academicism, looked for new themes for canvases, and chose minor events as subjects for creating paintings. The development of the movement was influenced by the dogmas of classicism and baroque.

Examples of 18th century works:

The decline in the importance of the direction is noticeable in the 19th century. Artists sought to dramatize art rather than elevate moral standards. The development of the movement was most influenced by romantic and classical styles. The themes of the paintings became narrower - the masters moved away from extolling large-scale events and religious subjects.

French artist Eugene Delacroix was the most energetic of romantic painters– the canvases clearly demonstrate romanticism in painting. The works of Ernest Meissonnier, executed in a strict academic style, are popular. Adolf Menzel became famous for his depictions of scenes from the court of Frederick the Great.

In the 19th century

The art academies of the 19th century sought to restore historical fine art to high status and importance in strengthening moral standards.

The great artist of the 19th century in France - academic teacher Gustav Moreau, famous for his works on mythological themes. In England, George Frederick Watts was the best of the Victorian painters - a prominent representative of the allegorical type of historical fine art. In America, the movement was supported by the German-American painter Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze.

Examples of 19th century paintings:

In the 20th century

The 20th century brought changes: revolutions, wars, crises broke the value system. Fine art was marked by innovations - abstract painting styles and avant-garde movements appeared. In the 20th century, the direction was no longer ascribed special moral and cultural significance. The historical genre became a resource used by artists to demonstrate the seriousness of their work. New themes - Celtic, Scandinavian mythology, ideological, propaganda, ideological painting.

Works of the 20th century:

In Russia

Russian historical painting is famous for the works of Vasily Surikov, Ilya Repin, Vasily Polenov. The movement was developed in the 18th and 19th centuries by realist artists from the Itinerants association. The most popular are mythological and historical subjects. The formation of the direction is associated with the formation of educational ideas, which were propagated by the Academy of Arts. Surikov and other Russian painters worked in the styles of realism and classicism.

Most of the paintings by Surikov, Ugryumov, Ivanov, Losenko are large-scale, detailed, executed in accordance with all the traditions of academic art.

The representative of Russian fine art is Vasily Surikov: “The Morning of the Streltsy Execution”, “Boyaryna Morozova”, “The Capture of the Snowy Town”, “Suvorov’s Crossing of the Alps”. Features of the works: monumentality, a significant number of characters on the canvas, dynamism, use of natural, dark tones. Surikov’s paintings are the most representative example of Russian historical painting.

The meaning of genre

The historical genre of the late 20th - early 21st centuries is developing in the paintings of artists - representatives contemporary art. Fine art gravitates towards abstractionism, thematically - towards current problems humanity. The direction allows painters to express their opinions on events in the world, changes in politics, economics, and culture.