Area of ​​culture	Cultural figure, country	Works and their main ideas
Literature	Daniel Dafoe, England	"The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe"
Literature	Jonathan Swift, Ireland	"Gulliver's Travels"
Painting	William Hogarth, England	Self-portrait; series of engravings "Fashionable marriage", "Girl with shrimps", "Conclusion of a marriage contract"
Painting	Antoine Watteau, France	"Tricky Proposal"
Music	Ludwig van Beethoven	“Sonata in a kind of fantasy”, “Moonlight”, “Appassionata”, “Kreutzer Sonata”
Music	Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart	Opera "The Marriage of Figaro", "Requiem"

2. Read an excerpt from Daniel Defoe’s novel “The Life and Amazing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe” and complete the tasks: 1) Underline with one line the father’s arguments in favor of the destiny of the average person, with two lines (italics) - the thoughts with which Robinson could not agree. 2) Come up with and write Robinson’s answer to his father. 3) After the publication of the novel, Defoe enjoyed great popularity; readers especially liked adventures and travel. This greatly upset the author; he said that he was misunderstood: it’s not about adventure at all. Write possible objections to Defoe to your readers. Try writing an imaginary preface to a novel in Defoe's name.

• Answer:
• 1) My father, a sedate and intelligent man, guessing about my intentions, warned me seriously and thoroughly... my destiny is the middle, that is, what can be called the highest level of modest existence, and it, as he was convinced from many years of experience, better than anyone else in the world and more than anything adapted for happiness, for a person is not oppressed by the need and deprivation, hard work and suffering that befall the lower classes, and is not confused by the luxury, ambition, arrogance and envy of the upper classes... One has only to observe, my father assured me, and I will understand that all the hardships of life are distributed between the higher and lower classes and that people of moderate income, who are not subject to as many vicissitudes of fate as the higher and lower circles of human society, endure them least often; even from illnesses, physical and mental, they are protected more than those whose illnesses are caused either by vices, luxury and all kinds of excesses, or by exhausting labor, poverty, meager and bad food, and all their ailments are nothing more than natural consequences way of life. The middle position in society is most conducive to the flourishing of all virtues and all the joys of life... moderation, temperance, health, peace of mind, sociability, all kinds of pleasant entertainment, all kinds of pleasures are his blessed companions. Middle income person passes his life's path quietly and serenely, without burdening himself with either physical or mental labor... He glides freely and easily through life, rationally tasting the sweets of life that do not leave a bitter aftertaste, feeling that he is happy, and every day comprehending this more clearly and deeply.
• 2) If all the people around tried to live their lives quietly, calmly and serenely, then society to this day would remain in ignorance, not knowing great geographical discoveries, etc.
• 3) Dear reader. In this novel, behind the description of colorful adventures, long journeys and exotic countries, an attempt is made to show the image of a contemporary of the era.

3. Here are four illustrations by artists S. Kharlamov and J. Granville for Jonathan Swift's novel "Gulliver's Travels". Determine what kind of travel they refer to. Find the corresponding fragments of text in the novel and write captions under the pictures.

4. Take a close look at the first sheet of the series "Fashionable Marriage" ("Marriage according to the fashion of its time") by artist William Hogarth. Complete the tasks: 1) What details of the work, seen in the illustration, allow you to say that the author depicted the conclusion of a marriage contract? 2) What could become the subject of conversation between the heroes of the work? 3) Come up with and record their dialogue. 4) You have only looked at the first of four sheets in the “Fashionable Marriage” series. How could events develop further? Give each print a title. 5) Draw your version last sheet series "Fashionable Marriage". 6) Try to find reproductions of the series in books or albums. Compare William Hogarth's engraving and your drawing. What did you guess correctly? What did they change?

• Answer: 1) The presence of a solicitor presenting the aristocrat, probably, with promissory notes and a rich man carefully studying the document. 2) Conditions of marriage and the amount of dowry. 3) "-You have a lot of debts. My name and position are worth a lot. -And how much do you want? -Well... 10,000 pounds. -Excuse me, how can you demand so much?" 4) Marriage contract; The Count's Adventures; Boudoir of the Countess; Sad ending.

5. Here are works created artists XVIII V. Also look at the illustrations in the textbook. Complete the tasks: 1) Write the numbers of those works whose heroes, from your point of view, can be called people who personify the Age of Enlightenment. 2) Write down some evidence for your point of view, starting a sentence with the words: “The people of the Enlightenment are depicted here because...”

• Answer: People of the Age of Enlightenment are depicted here, because the artists were able to convey the mood of the heroes, immersed in their thoughts and experiences.

6. Before you are two still lifes. 1) Look at them and briefly describe what is depicted. 2) What do you think the artists set for themselves when creating these works?

• Answer: 1) In Klas's painting we see a set table, laden with expensive dishes and delicacies, while in Chardin's painting simple food and unpretentious household items are depicted. 2) Two features of the era are reflected: a sharp property stratification of society and attention to the life of the lower classes.

7. In Beaumarchais's comedy "The Barber of Seville" there is the following dialogue:

Rosina. You are always scolding our poor age.

Bartolo. Please forgive my insolence, but what did he give us that we could praise him for?

Think about the comedy character’s question and give your answer in writing.

• Answer: The comedy ridiculed the unsightly aspects of French aristocratic society and government, which slowed down modern development countries and served as the cause of social contradictions.

8. Contemporaries compared the "Encyclopedia of Sciences, Arts and Crafts" with a huge arsenal in which weapons were obtained for the assault on old France. How do you understand this comparison?

• Answer: The authors of the Encyclopedia were outstanding educators of that time, who expressed the ideas of enlightenment in their articles. It became clear to the reader that the country’s prosperity was impossible while maintaining the old order.

9. From the course on the history of the Middle Ages, you know that an emblem is a conventional image of a concept or idea. Having summarized your knowledge about the Age of Enlightenment, its culture, come up with and draw an emblem in which the Age of Reason and Light would be most fully embodied. Write comments about your logo.

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Great humanists of Europe. World artistic culture Renaissance. Man began to think not only about the afterlife, but also about earthly, worldly life. Proponents of this view of the world around us began to call themselves humanists (from the Latin humanus - human). The creators of the art of the High Renaissance created the image of a beautiful, harmonious person who combined physical beauty and spiritual perfection.

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Figure Country Works Contents of works, creativity Erasmus of Rotterdam (1469-1536), theologian and philologist Holland “Easy Conversations”, “Praise of Stupidity”. He commented on the Bible, he does not abandon religious subjects, but the center of his attention is a person endowed with free will, having the right to choose. He praised intelligence and the ability to express one’s thoughts beautifully. Thomas More (1478 – 1535), politician, writer England “The Golden Book..., or Utopia.” The source of all England's misfortunes is private property. Unfair laws against the poor. An ideal society is collective property, there are no rich or poor, art and science are universally respected. Francois Rabelais (1494-1553), famous doctor, one of the most educated people of his time. France "Gargantua and Pantagruel". He praised the common sense of the common people and ridiculed the stupidity and hypocrisy of those in power.

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Figure Country Works Contents of works, creativity Michel Montaigne (1533 – 1592), philosopher, publicist France “Experiences” - a collection of discussions on morality, philosophy and work. The work is still popular today. A reasonable and kind person needs to know and evaluate himself. Life is the greatest gift, you need to behave wisely in everyday life, live in peace and appreciate every moment. Montaigne warns against idleness, especially mental idleness. Called for religious tolerance. William Shakespeare (1564-1616), poet, playwright England “Romeo and Juliet”, “Hamlet”, “King Lear”. The world is a theater, and the people within are actors. Theater is a school that teaches you not to bend under the blows of fate. His characters love and suffer, make mistakes, fight for their happiness. Man is a miracle of nature. Miguel Cervantes (1547 - 1616), writer Spain “Don Quixote” In the image of Don Quixote, the Knight of the Sad Image, he praises the wisdom, nobility, humanity of the knight who wanders in a world of injustice, helping people become better.

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Figure Country Works Contents of works, creativity Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), artist, poet, architect, sculptor, musician France About 7 thousand pages of records, drafts, manuscripts. "Madonna and Child", "Mona Lisa", "Last Supper". An artist is a person endowed with divine power. The heroes of his works - ordinary people. Michelangelo Buonarotti (1475-1564), sculptor, poet Italy Sculpture of David, poems about love and art. Sculpture is the best of the arts, glorifying the beauty of man. He glorified earthly beauty and the beauty of art. Raphael Santi (1483 – 1520), painter Italy “Madonna Conestabile”, “Sistine Madonna” Portrayed the world as harmonious and beautiful, perfect and calm.

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Figure Country Works Contents of works, creativity Pieter Bruegel the Elder (1530-1569), painter of the Netherlands “Peasant Dance”, “Seasons”, “Harvest”. Peasant painter, depicted real characters, ordinary people and folk scenes, peaceful life residents. Albrecht Durer (1471-1528), painter, engraver, scientist Germany Engravings, landscapes. Engraving "Four Horsemen". An artist is a thinker. Man is the crown of nature. Hans Holbein the Younger (1497-1543), artist Germany “Portrait of King Henry VIII”. He portrayed calmness and at the same time the complexity and contradictoriness of human nature. Rembrandt Harmenswan Rhein (1606 – 1669), artist Holland “Portrait of an Old Man in Red”, “Return of the Prodigal Son” Tried to convey on canvas inner world a person, his thoughts, state of mind. Diego Velazquez (1599-1660), artist, court painter of the king of Spain Portraits of the king and courtiers, “Breakfast”, “Spinners”. Spain is a country of medieval remnants. The king was portrayed as cruel, arrogant, simple people are kind, cheerful.

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Music by Lorenzo the Magnificent Music has always been a major part of the religious service; the church monitored the execution musical works in the temple, not allowing the slightest deviation from the rules. At the end of the 16th century, spiritual works began to appeal to human feelings - secular works received widespread development. Musical creativity is part of the life of courtiers and educated citizens. It was considered good form for young people to be able to play musical instruments. Madrigals are lyrical vocal works, the predecessor of opera.

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The Birth of a New European Science In modern times, human interest in the world around us has intensified. Great geographical discoveries expanded the boundaries of the world and gave new knowledge, including about the sphericity of the Earth. The growth of cities, the development of manufacturing and the world market gave rise to the need for precise scientific knowledge. Man is becoming more and more interested in earthly, worldly life. If in the Middle Ages European science observed the principle of authority - the thoughts of the great scientists of antiquity were accepted as truth (geography was studied according to Ptolemy, medicine - according to Hippocrates, etc.), then in the early modern period people strive to observe natural phenomena for themselves, etc. Humanists say that the human mind is capable of understanding and explaining the world itself. Educated people strive to find a reasonable explanation of natural phenomena, no longer relying on religion in their research. The Renaissance gave Europeans independence of thought and the belief that humanity can improve the world in which it lives, and this requires sound, reliable knowledge. In the XVI-XVII centuries. There is a rapid development of science, primarily in the field of mathematics and natural science. The laws discovered by scientists of the New Age are universal in nature, new methods of studying nature are born - a combination of experience (practice) and theory (reason).

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Scientists and thinkers Country Basic ideas. Discoveries Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543), astronomer Poland He made a revolution in science, abandoning the doctrine of the immobility of the Earth, which had been accepted for thousands of years. I have been observing the heavenly bodies for 30 years. Book “On the Rotation of the Celestial Spheres” (1543). Giordano Bruno (1548-1600), astronomer Italy The Universe has no edge, it is immense and infinite. It has no center - neither the Earth nor the Sun are the centers of the world. The Universe is an infinite number of stars. The universe exists forever and cannot disappear. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642), scientist, astronomer, physicist, poet, playwright Italy Observation celestial bodies through a telescope (discovering mountains on the Moon, sunspots, satellites of Jupiter, etc.). Formulated the laws of falling bodies, the movement of a pendulum and other laws of physics. Proceedings “Star Messenger”, “Dialogues about two systems of the world”.

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Scientists and thinkers Country Basic ideas. Discoveries Isaac Newton (1643-1727), scientist, became an academic at about age 30. England Discovered the law of universal gravitation and created an optical laboratory. Constructed a reflecting telescope. The book “Mathematical principles of natural philosophy”: outlined the basic concepts - mass, quantity, force, acceleration, three laws of motion, etc. The discovery of the law of universal gravitation marked the transition to explaining the laws of motion Solar System and confirmed the victory of the teachings of Copernicus. Nature obeys precise laws of mechanics. The scientist has completed the creation of a new picture of the world. Francis Bacon (1561-1626), lawyer, diplomat, politician, historian England Creator of new philosophy. A new method for studying nature is reasoning from the particular to the general, based on experimental data. True knowledge can only be obtained by combining theory with practice. Rene Descartes (1596-1650), scientist, philosopher, mathematician France The goal of science is for man to achieve dominance over the forces of nature, which should be forced to serve people. Science must be of practical use. “I think, therefore I am.”

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Rene Descartes Giordano Bruno Galileo Galilei Isaac Newton Francis Bacon Nicolaus Copernicus

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The famous Hammurabi, the sixth king of the 1st Babylonian dynasty, having ascended the throne of a small kingdom located in the middle reaches of the Euphrates, ended his days as the ruler of a huge state by the standards of that time. The wise Hammurabi found techniques that allowed the king to control the activities of his subjects, becoming the author of the most famous collection of laws in the Ancient East, called by historians the Code of Hammurabi. The laws of Hammurabi continued to be in force throughout Babylonian history.

Hammurabi made Babylon the main city of the country. Babylon of this period was a huge and bustling eastern city. It was surrounded by a powerful and thick wall. The city had 24 large avenues, the landmark was the Tower of Babel - one of the seven “wonders of the world”. The landscaped terraces of the Tower of Babel are known “as the hanging gardens” of Semiramis, an Assyrian queen who lived in the 9th century BC. e. The scale of its structures, the power of the fortress walls - all this amazed the eyes of strangers. By the name of the city, the Greeks, and after them other peoples, began to call the country Babylonia, and its inhabitants Babylonians. From the time of Hammurabi until the beginning of the 3rd century. BC e. , for as long as 15 centuries, Babylon remained the economic, political, cultural and intellectual center of the Ancient East. It left an indelible mark on the history of mankind. And it was not for nothing that Alexander the Great subsequently wanted to make Babylon the capital of his huge empire. However, the fate of this city turned out differently.

About 4 thousand years ago, in the territory between two deep rivers, where the Tigris and Euphrates almost approached each other, the Amorite people created their own state of Babylonia with the capital city of Babylon (which translated from the ancient language means “gate of God”).
At the same time, there were many powerful and wealthy city-states in Mesopotamia, but it was Babylon that, in a fair fight, won the right to be considered the main state of Mesopotamia.
The prosperity and glory of Babylon was brought by its ruler Hammurabi, who, trying to expand his own kingdom, annexed all the surrounding states - Ashur, Elam, Susiana, etc. Very soon Babylon became a large and strong state, the inhabitants of which were successfully engaged in agriculture, and also led a lively trade in metals, wool, timber, grain and other goods

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Hinduism is the study of India

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Napoleon Bonaparte, born in 1769 in Corsica, was the son of a Dutch lawyer from Corsica who was in the service of Louis XIV. He was sent to Paris to receive his education, where he attended a prestigious military school Ecole Military. And finally, in 1785, at the age of 16, he received the rank of lieutenant. When it happened in 1789 French Revolution, he returned to Corsica. However, in 1793 he clearly sided with the Republicans. Napoleon, who at birth received the name Napoleone Buonaparte, began to call himself Napoleon Bonaparte in the French manner. He quickly climbed the career ladder, earning authority and popularity. In 1796, he took command of a demoralized army on the Italian border and secured victory over the Austrians at the Battle of Lodi. This was Napoleon's first victory over a foreign army. Thanks to the tactical tricks of the commander, the French defeated the Austrians many times, although they were worse armed. Napoleon's victories allowed France to force Austria into negotiations and the subsequent signing of a peace treaty. In 1798, Napoleon captured British-occupied Egypt, but Lord Nelson defeated the French fleet at Abicourt. Napoleon's Egyptian campaign, in which he was accompanied by scientists and artists, aroused interest in the Near and Middle East throughout Europe. Thus, during Napoleon’s Egyptian campaign, a fragment of an ornament was found, with the help of which it was possible to decipher Egyptian hieroglyphs.

1. Fill out the table "Culture of Enlightenment"

2. Read an excerpt from Daniel Defoe’s novel “The Life and Wonderful Adventures of Robinson Crusoe” and complete the tasks

1) Underline with one line the father’s arguments in favor of the destiny of the average person, with two lines - the thoughts with which Robinson could not agree

One line:

He goes through his life's path quietly and serenely, without burdening himself with either physical or mental labor...

Two lines:

It is adapted for happiness, because a person is not oppressed by the need and deprivation, hard work and suffering that befall the lower classes, and is not confused by the luxury, ambition, arrogance and envy of the upper classes...

The middle position in society is most conducive to the flourishing of all virtues and all the joys of life...

2) Come up with and write down Robinson’s answer to his father

If all the people around sought to live their lives quietly, calmly and serenely, then society to this day would remain ignorant, not knowing great geographical discoveries, etc.

3) After publication, Defoe’s novel was very popular, readers especially liked adventures and travel. This greatly upset the author; he said that he was misunderstood: it’s not about adventure at all. Write possible objections to Defoe to your readers. Try writing an imaginary preface to a novel in Defoe's name.

Dear reader. In this novel, behind the description of colorful adventures, long journeys and exotic countries, an attempt is made to show the image of the modern era

3. Here are four illustrations by artists S. Kharlamov and J. Granville for Jonathan Swift’s novel “Gulliver’s Travels”. Determine which trips they relate to. Find the corresponding fragments of text in the novel and write captions under the pictures.

4. Carefully examine the first sheet of the series “Fashionable Marriage” (“Marriage in the Fashion of Its Time”) by artist William Hogarth. Complete tasks

1) What details of the work, seen in the illustration, allow you to say that the author depicted the conclusion of a marriage contract?

The presence of a solicitor presenting an aristocrat, probably, with promissory notes and a rich man carefully studying the document

2) What could become the subject of conversation between the heroes of the work?

Marriage conditions and dowry amount

3) Come up with and record their dialogue

You have a lot of debts. My name and position are worth a lot

And how much do you want?

Well... £10,000

Excuse me, how can you demand so much!...

4) You have only looked at the first of four sheets in the “Fashionable Marriage” series. How could events develop further? Give each print a title

1. Marriage contract

2. The Count's Adventures

3. Boudoir of the Countess

4. Sad ending

5) Draw your version of the last sheet of the "Fashionable Marriage" series

6) Try to find reproductions of the series in books and albums. Compare William Hogarth's engraving and your drawing. What did you guess correctly? What did they change?

5. Here are works created by artists of the 18th century. Also look at the illustrations in the textbook. Complete tasks

1) Write the numbers of those works whose heroes, from your point of view, can be called people who personify the Age of Enlightenment

2) Write down some evidence for your point of view, starting a sentence with the words: “The people of the Enlightenment are depicted here because...”

People of the Age of Enlightenment are depicted here, because the artists were able to convey the mood of the heroes, immersed in their thoughts and experiences

6. Before you are two still lifes

1) Look at them and briefly describe what is depicted

In Clough's painting we see a set table laden with expensive dishes and delicacies, while in Chardin's painting we see simple food and unpretentious household items

2) What do you think the artists set for themselves when creating these works?

Two features of the era are reflected: the sharp property stratification of society and attention to the life of the lower classes

7. In Beaumarchais’s comedy “The Barber of Seville” there is the following dialogue:

Rosina: You always scold our poor age

Bortolo: Please forgive my insolence, but what did he give us that we could praise him for?

Think about the comedy character’s question and give your answer in writing

The comedy ridiculed the unsightly aspects of French aristocratic society and government, which slowed down the modern development of the country and served as the cause of social contradictions.

8. Contemporaries compared the “Encyclopedia of Sciences, Arts and Crafts” with a huge arsenal in which weapons were obtained for the assault on old France. How do you understand this comparison?

The authors of the Encyclopedia were outstanding educators of the time, who expressed the ideas of enlightenment in their articles. It became clear to the reader that the country’s prosperity was impossible while maintaining the old order

9. From the course on the history of the Middle Ages, you know that an emblem is a conventional image of a concept or idea. Having summarized your knowledge about the Age of Enlightenment, its culture, come up with and draw an emblem in which the Age of Reason and Light would be most fully embodied. Write comments for your logo

16.11.2018

Figure country work contents table. Renaissance and humanism, culture and worldview of Europeans in the 15th-17th centuries

Features of the Renaissance: Secularization of consciousness, i.e. gradual liberation from a religious view of the world. Spreading the ideas of humanism, i.e. attention to the human personality, faith in the strength of man himself. Dissemination of scientific knowledge. Reliance on the achievements of the culture of Antiquity.

The main goal of human life. Middle AgesModern times (Renaissance) Salvation of the soul. To do this, it is necessary to believe in God, observe church rituals and not sin. Success. Become famous in art, science, trade, entrepreneurship, travel, etc. But be sure to benefit people!!!

Humanism Humanus (man), humanoid, humane, humanitarian, humanism; Man is like God, he is beautiful and harmonious: educated, physically developed, interested in art and philosophy; Basic virtues: honesty, valor, creativity, patriotism!

Lyubimov “The Art of Western Europe”: Italian humanists discovered the world of classical antiquity, searched for the works of ancient authors in forgotten book depositories and painstakingly cleared them of distortions introduced by medieval monks. Their search was marked by fiery enthusiasm. When the silhouette of a monastery loomed in front of Petrarch, who is generally considered to be the first humanist, he literally trembled with the thought that there might be some kind of classical manuscript there. Others dug up fragments of columns, statues, bas-reliefs, and coins. The abstract beauty of the Byzantine icon faded in front of the warm, living beauty of the marble Venus, to the joy of all Florence or all of Rome, extracted from the ground where it had lain for more than a thousand years. “I raise the dead,” said one of the Italian humanists, who devoted himself to archeology. Why did Italy become the birthplace of the Renaissance?

Dante Alighieri () Dante is the forerunner of the Italian Renaissance, at the center of his main work, The Divine Comedy, the fate of the people whose souls he meets during his imaginary journey through Hell, Purgatory and Heaven.

Petrarch Francesco () Petrarch's lyrics represent a new stage in the development of Italian and European poetry. His image of the woman he loved became concrete and lifelike, and his love experiences were shown in all their inconsistency and variability.

Which statement best reflects the views of humanists on human nature? The Lord created man from the dust of the ground, which is more insignificant than other elements, as confirmed in the Bible; If the beauty of the world is considered so wonderful and great, then what kind of beauty and grace should a person be endowed with, for whose sake the most beautiful and most decorated world was created.

Erasmus of Rotterdam () Dutch humanist scientist, writer, philologist, theologian, the most prominent representative of the Northern Renaissance. He lived in France, England, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, and enjoyed pan-European recognition. He wrote in Latin. Of the vast heritage of E.R., the most famous are “Praise of Stupidity” (1509) and “Easy Conversations” (151930). The first work is a philosophical satire, the second is primarily an everyday one. Lady Stupidity, singing her own praise, easily turns into wisdom, self-satisfied nobility into stupid baseness, unlimited power into the worst slavery, therefore the most precious rule of life becomes the call “nothing in excess!”

Thomas More (). English humanist, statesman and writer. Son of a judicial officer. In 1504 More was nominated to parliament from the London merchants, in 1510 he became an assistant sheriff of London, in 1518 he joined the Royal Council, the chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, and the chancellor of England. More refused to swear allegiance to the king as "supreme head" English Church, after which he was imprisoned in the Tower (1534), accused of treason and executed.

"Utopia". More’s greatest fame was brought to him by his dialogue “Utopia” (1516), which contains a description of the ideal structure of the fantastic island Utopia (Greek, literally “Nowhere”, a place that does not exist; this word, invented by M., later became a common noun). Here More, for the first time in the history of mankind, depicted a society where private (and even personal) property was eliminated and not only equality of consumption was introduced (as in early Christian communities), but production and life were socialized. Labor in Utopia is the responsibility of all citizens, distribution occurs according to need, the working day is reduced to 6 hours; The hardest jobs are performed by criminals. The political system of Utopia is based on the principles of election and seniority.

Literature of Francois Rabelais (). Writer. The most famous work is the novel

William Shakespeare If you stop loving, it will be now, Now that the whole world is at odds with me. Be the most bitter of my losses, But not the last drop of grief! And if it is given to me to overcome grief, do not strike from an ambush. Let the stormy night not be resolved into a rainy morning in the morning without joy. Leave me, but not at the last moment, When I weaken from small troubles, Leave me now, so that I immediately understand that this grief is the most painful of all adversities. That there are no adversities, but only one misfortune: losing your love forever.

Let's check the table Area of ​​culture Cultural figure Works, ideas Philosophy Erasmus of Rotterdam () “Easy conversation” “Praise of stupidity” Ideas: humanism, ridiculing the vices and errors of the Middle Ages Thomas More () “The Golden Book, as useful as it is pleasant, on the best structure of the state and about the new island of Utopia." Ideas: glorifying the physical beauty and spiritual perfection of man. LiteratureFrançois Rabelais () “Gargantua and Pantagruel” Heroes are wise giant kings. The novel revived the ancient traditions of folk performances. William Shakespeare () “Romeo and Juliet” Ideas: to express the high and bright feelings of a person.

Leonardo da Vinci () Leonardo da Vinci is considered the most famous scientist, artist, and poet of the Renaissance. He can be safely called the embodied ideal of personality of modern times.

An outstanding historian and politician was the author of the famous treatise “The Prince”, a Florentine Niccolo Machiavelli(1469-1527), who repeatedly repeated that his favorite pastime was “talking about the art of statesmanship” - politics. A devout patriot of his fatherland, Machiavelli lived in an era when Italy remained fragmented and repeatedly suffered from invasions by foreign armies. Considering the selfish policy of the papacy to be the main obstacle to unification, Machiavelli had no doubt that in such conditions only a strong ruler was capable of saving the country and creating a single powerful Italy. Moreover, in order to achieve a great goal, he could act treacherously, ruthlessly and dishonestly.

Quite a few people thought the same thing, but it was Machiavelli who dared to declare this openly. Therefore, it is often believed that by praising the negative qualities of rulers, he rid politics of morality. Even the concept of “Machiavellianism” arose - political unprincipledness. In fact, Machiavelli was the first to say that politics is an independent sphere of activity with its own laws and principles. It is difficult to combine it with the concepts of morality, and loud moral slogans of politicians often only cover up unattractive goals. Machiavelli dreamed of a united Italy and outlined the path and means to achieve this goal. His work is not a utopia, but a book about real political actions.

From the middle of the 16th century. a new culture goes beyond Italy and begins to develop in other European countries - Germany, France, England, the Netherlands, Spain. Beyond the Alps, in the vast expanses of the former “barbarian world,” the traces of ancient Roman civilization were not as deep as in Italy. Here the humanists were also fascinated by antiquity, but they paid much more attention to their own past - the history of the Germanic peoples and the Middle Ages in general. Universities operated everywhere - centers of scientific knowledge. The invention of book printing made the book the main source of knowledge, which contributed to the successful dissemination of the ideas of humanism.

The true leader of humanists at the beginning of the 16th century. became Erasmus of Rotterdam(1469-1536) - the most outstanding personality Northern Renaissance.

The son of a Dutch priest, Erasmus (real name Gerhard Gerhards) was born in Rotterdam. He lost his parents early and was forced to make his own way in life. After finishing school, Erasmus became a monk, but eventually left the monastery to study at the university. Monarchs from different European countries invited him to serve, but Erasmus refused all of them, not wanting to lose his independence. He believed that he did not belong to one people, and called himself a “citizen of the world.” Indeed, Erasmus lived, studied and wrote his works in many European countries. Particularly popular was Erasmus’s work “In Praise of Folly,” which he dedicated to his best friend - Thomas More.

Thomas More was an extremely decent, fair and respected man. Observing the suffering of the people, he wrote his famous “Utopia”. The story is told on behalf of the experienced traveler Hythlodeus. He talks about the cruel order in England at that time and, right there, about a happy island, where there is no private property and poverty, everyone works and lives in peace and harmony. There is no money here, everyone gets “everything according to their needs.” Utopians live in large families in equipped houses, eat together in public dining halls-palaces. However, this does not at all mean a primitive general equalization. Gifted youth are freed from physical labor and study science. Everyone else, after a six-hour working day, can study, play sports, and have fun if they wish. Utopians are convinced that human happiness lies in its harmonious development, as well as in a reasonable combination of work and rest. The state is ruled by respected scientists, and a bunch of ears of grain serves as a sign of their power instead of a crown. "Utopia" was a huge success among readers. There were even people who believed in the existence of a happy country and were ready to go in search of it.

The pinnacle of Spanish literature of the 16th century. and at the same time the beginning of European literature of the New Age was the creativity Miguel Servantes (1547-1616).

Cervantes came from an impoverished noble family. Without the opportunity to receive a serious education, Miguel read everything and managed to acquire extensive knowledge. Throughout his stormy life, Cervantes remained a soldier, and then became a tax collector. Having no skill in this activity, the poor guy even found himself temporarily behind bars.

Having freed himself, he left the service and took up literary creativity. Material from the site

Monument to Don Quixote and Sancho Panza in Madrid

Cervantes’s novel “The Wise Hidalgo Don Quixote of La Mancha” immediately brought the author universal recognition. The work was conceived as a parody of chivalric romances. His hero, the semi-impoverished nobleman Alonso Cojano, lives in the rural wilderness, constantly reads chivalric novels and dreams of his own exploits in the spirit of these novels. A lonely hidalgo makes an ordinary peasant, Sancho Panza, his squire - a smart and simple-minded man at the same time. Together they go in search of glory.

The exploits of the fearless hidalgo look senseless and ridiculous, but he dreams of “friendship, love and harmony reigning everywhere.” And gradually, irony is replaced by sympathy for the Knight of the Sad Image, who generously protects the weak and helps the disadvantaged. Today, Don Quixote is the second book after the Bible in terms of the number of languages ​​into which it has been translated.

Questions about this material:

Questions at the beginning of a paragraph

Cultural figures of the Enlightenment can be considered the heirs of the humanists of the Renaissance, since they affirmed the value of man as an individual, his right to freedom, happiness, development, just like the humanists. In their views on society, the humanists of the 15th–16th centuries, like the enlighteners of the 18th century, called for the construction of a humane society through ethics based on human and other natural values, in the spirit of reason and free inquiry, through the use of human abilities. As an example, we can compare the humanists - the doctrine of the high purpose of man, of his dignity (dignitas, which stated that man, endowed with reason and an immortal soul, possessing virtue and limitless creative possibilities, free in his actions and thoughts, is placed at the center of the universe by nature itself) and Rousseau's idea that man is born with morality and kindness.

Questions at the end of the paragraph

Question 1. What do you think the enlighteners saw as the goal and main purpose of art?

The purpose and main purpose of art is to serve humanistic ideals. The focus of art should be the human person, free and possessing rights.

Question 2. Like the literary heroes of the Renaissance, the characters of many educational novels also set off on a journey. What calls Robinson and Gulliver to distant lands?

Robinson and Gulliver were drawn to distant lands by their interest in learning new things.

Question 3. How does the work of “painters of the nobility” and “singers of the third estate” differ?

The work of the “painters of the nobility” and the “singers of the third estate” has significant differences. The canvases of the former are far from reality, full of carefree lightness. And the “singers of the third estate” depict the real life around them; often the heroes of the paintings are ordinary workers.

Question 4. Prepare a report on the life and work of one of the artists of the Enlightenment mentioned in the paragraph.

Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) – great German composer, organist, music teacher, master of polyphony. Bach's work includes more than 1000 works of various genres.

Born (21) March 31, 1685 in the city of Eisenach, his ancestors were professional musicians.

At the age of ten, Johann Bach was taken in by his brother Johann Christoph. He taught the future composer to play the clavier and organ. At the age of 15, Bach entered the St. Michael vocal school in the city of Lüneburg. There he gets acquainted with the work of modern musicians and develops comprehensively. During 1700-1703, the musical biography of Johann Sebastian Bach begins, the first organ music was written.

After completing his studies, Bach was sent to Duke Ernst to serve as a musician at court. Dissatisfaction with his dependent position forces him to change jobs. In 1704, Bach received the position of organist of the New Church in Arndstadt. At this time he created many talented works. Collaboration with the poet Christian Friedrich Henrici and the court musician Telemachus enriched the music with new motifs.

In 1707, Bach moved to Mülhusen and continued to work as a church musician and engage in creative work. The authorities are satisfied with his work, the composer receives a reward.

In 1707, Bach married his cousin Maria Barbara. He again decided to change jobs, this time becoming court organist in Weimar. In this city, six children are born into the musician’s family, three of whom become famous musicians in the future.

In 1720, Bach's wife died, but a year later the composer married again, now to the famous singer Anna Magdalene Wilhelm.

In 1717, Bach entered the service of the Duke of Anhalt-Köthen, who highly valued his talent. During the period from 1717 to 1723, Bach's magnificent suites (for orchestra, cello, clavier) appeared.

Bach's Brandenburg concertos, English and French suites were written in Köthen.

In 1723, the musician received the position of cantor and teacher of music and Latin in the Church of St. Thomas, then became music director in Leipzig. Johann Sebastian Bach's wide repertoire included both secular and wind music. During his life, Johann Sebastian Bach managed to be the head of a music college. Several cycles of the composer Bach used all kinds of instruments ("Musical Offering", "The Art of Fugue")

In the last years of his life, Bach was rapidly losing his sight. His music was then considered unfashionable and outdated. Despite this, the composer continued to work. In 1747, he created a cycle of plays called “Music of the Offering”, dedicated to the Prussian king Frederick the Second. The last work was the collection of works “The Art of Fugue”, which included 14 fugues and 4 canons.

Johann Sebastian Bach died on July 28, 1750 in Leipzig, but his musical legacy remains immortal.

Assignments for the paragraph

Question 1: Hogarth's self-portrait shows three books. The authors of two are already familiar to you - Shakespeare and Swift. Is this a coincidence? How can you explain the artist's choice?

It is no coincidence that Hogarth's self-portrait depicts the books of Shakespeare and Swift. Hogarth was the author of illustrations for books by these authors

Question 2. Suggest what modern viewers would appreciate in the works of court painters, and what might cause criticism.

In the works of court painters, modern viewers could highly appreciate the level of skill of the artists. Beautifully painted landscapes, light and pleasing to the eye; masterfully conveyed moods of the characters; the general dreamy mood of the paintings. Criticism could be caused by a feeling of unreliability, unreality of the presented plots, far from real life.

Question 3. Beethoven said about Bach: “Not a stream! The sea should be its name” (“Bach” in German means stream). Do you agree with this statement?

Beethoven greatly appreciated Bach’s music, calling him “the true father of harmony.” I agree with his statement, because Bach’s talent is limitless, “like the sea,” his creative heritage is enormous, including more than 1000 works of various genres. Bach's work represents all the significant genres of that time, except opera; he summarized the achievements of musical art of the Baroque period. Bach is a famous master of polyphony, a successor of ancient traditions; in his work polyphony reaches its peak.

Question 4. Which work mentioned in the paragraph have you read? Tell us about your impressions. What changed in your attitude towards the work or its characters after studying the topic?

Novel "Gulliver's Travels". It seemed very good. The countries that Gulliver visited seem unusual and interesting to read. The inhabitants of the countries described in the novel ridicule human and social vices. After studying the topic, I came to the understanding that the countries described have their prototypes in real European states. So, Lilliput is a parody of England.

Question 5. Using additional material from the textbook, characterize the architectural styles of Baroque and Classicism. What ideas of the era were reflected in these architectural styles? Think about what kind of music could accompany your inspection of an architectural monument of the Baroque or Classicist style. Explain your point of view.

The Baroque style is distinguished by its complexity, whimsicality and splendor of forms, abundance of decorations and details. Baroque is ideal for embodying the greatness of the Catholic Church and absolutism; it is no coincidence that the main customers of Baroque buildings were the church and kings.

In these buildings, special attention was paid to the decoration of the premises, which architects and artists tried to give an elegant, lush appearance. The refined and aristocratic style of the Baroque was little in keeping with the philosophy of the Enlightenment thinkers. The calls of Voltaire, Rousseau, Locke to be guided by reason and morality, to return to nature, predetermined art's fascination with antiquity. The fashion includes strict lines and noble simplicity, imitation of the calm grandeur of Greek designs. Supporters of classicism in architecture reject baroque pomp and take as a model the naturalness and harmony of ancient buildings: smooth surfaces, modest decor, porticoes and columns give the buildings a cool elegance.