Essay on literature.

Here it is - an open secret, the secret of poetry, life, love!
I. S. Turgenev.

The play " Cherry Orchard", written in 1903, - last piece Anton Pavlovich Chekhov, completing it creative biography. In it, the author raises a number of problems characteristic of Russian literature: the problems of fathers and children, love and suffering. All this is united in the theme of the past, present and future of Russia.

Cherry Orchard - central image, uniting heroes in time and space. For the landowner Ranevskaya and her brother Gaev, the garden is a family nest, an integral part of their memories. It’s as if they have grown together with this garden; without it they “don’t understand their life.” To save the estate, decisive action is needed, a change in lifestyle - otherwise the magnificent garden will go under the hammer. But Ranevskaya and Gaev are unaccustomed to all activities, impractical to the point of stupidity, unable to even seriously think about the impending threat. They betray the idea of ​​the cherry orchard. For landowners, he is a symbol of the past. Firs, Ranevskaya’s old servant, also remains in the past. He considers the abolition of serfdom a misfortune, and is attached to his former masters as to his own children. But those whom he devotedly served all his life abandon him to his fate. Forgotten and abandoned, Firs remains a monument to the past in a boarded-up house.

Currently represented by Ermolai Lopakhin. His father and grandfather were serfs of Ranevskaya, and he himself became a successful merchant. Lopakhin looks at the garden from the point of view of the “circulation of the matter.” He sympathizes with Ranevskaya, but the cherry orchard itself is doomed to death in the plans of a practical entrepreneur. It is Lopakhin who brings the agony of the garden to its logical conclusion. The estate is divided into profitable dacha plots, and “you can only hear how far away in the garden an ax is knocking on a tree.”

The future is personified by the younger generation: Petya Trofimov and Anya, Ranevskaya’s daughter. Trofimov is a student working hard to make his way into life. His life is not easy. When winter comes, he is “hungry, sick, anxious, poor.” Petya is smart and honest, understands the difficult situation the people live in, and believes in a bright future. “All of Russia is our garden!” - he exclaims.

Chekhov puts Petya in ridiculous situations, reducing his image to the extremely unheroic. Trofimov is a “shabby gentleman”, an “eternal student”, whom Lopakhin constantly stops with ironic remarks. But the student’s thoughts and dreams are close to the author’s. The writer, as it were, separates the word from its “carrier”: the significance of what is spoken does not always coincide with the social significance of the “carrier”.

Anya is seventeen years old. For Chekhov, youth is not only a sign of age. He wrote: “...that youth can be considered healthy, which does not put up with the old orders and... fights against them.” Anya received the usual upbringing for nobles. Trofimov had a great influence on the formation of her views. The girl’s character contains sincerity of feelings and mood, spontaneity. Anya is ready to start new life: pass exams for the gymnasium course and break ties with the past.

In the images of Anya Ranevskaya and Petya Trofimov, the author embodied everything best features inherent in the new generation. It is with their lives that Chekhov connects the future of Russia. They express the ideas and thoughts of the author himself. The sound of an ax is heard in the cherry orchard, but young people believe that the next generations will plant new orchards, more beautiful than the previous ones. The presence of these heroes enhances and strengthens the notes of vivacity that sound in the play, the motives of the future have a wonderful life. And it seems that it was not Trofimov, no, it was Chekhov who took the stage. “Here it is, happiness, here it comes, coming closer and closer... And if we don’t see it, don’t know it, then what’s the harm? Others will see him!”

One of the most unique and interesting creations of Anton Pavlovich, in which he combined three periods of his life, is the play “The Cherry Orchard”. In this work, the author connected the past, present and future. The actions of the work show how the merchants are replacing the nobility. The past is represented by such characters as Ranevskaya, Gaev and Firs. Very often their memories are of old times, when there were no worries and they did not worry about money. For them, something more sublime than money and material wealth was more important.

Ranevskaya could not even imagine that she would have to cut down the entire garden or sell it; for her this was unacceptable. After all, it was the cherry orchard that was memories of the past and her life.

Gaev was no less worried, every little thing was important to him. The author focuses on how Gaev turns to the old closet with tears. Firs, in turn, did not need the abolition of serfdom. He loved the family of Raevskaya and Gaev very much, whom he served and treated with respect. He was satisfied with the order that existed earlier, like other representatives of that time.

Lopakhin is one of those representatives for whom money is important, it was of great importance to him. He was born and raised in a simple family. His father was a simple shopkeeper. But this did not stop him from achieving great success and through his own efforts he amassed a huge fortune for himself. Like many others, the Cherry Orchard was just a source of material gain and nothing more.

Ermolai helps Ranevskaya get rid of her deplorable condition. Thanks to his intelligence and resourcefulness, he was able to create a huge project. For this generation, material gain was important. But this is not a reason to avoid the present that was overtaking them.

A.P. Chekhov shows how changeable and vague the future can be. The author attributes to this generation such characters as Anna, Varya, Peter, Dunya the maid and Yashka the footman. But despite the fact that the representatives of the past generation were similar in many ways, the coming generation was completely different. All these heroes were full of vital energy and ideas. But many of them were only capable of eloquent words, which in fact could not change the present. One of these characters was Petya. In fact, he does nothing to change the future. Although he tells Anya that they are two hundred years behind in development. Of course, Anna was fascinated by Petya’s words and ideas, but this does not stop her from going her own way and arranging her own life.

It was in this unique work “The Cherry Orchard” that all 3 generations of the past, present and future were united.

Option 2

Chekhov's dramaturgy is deep and full of figurative personifications. Due to them, the author tried to show in his work the past, present and future in comparison. To do this, he conditionally divided all the heroes of the work into three corresponding camps.

The heroes of the past tense appear first before the reader: Ranevskaya, Gaev, servant Firs. Their conversations are full of nostalgia for the past; they speak with tenderness and joy about past times. For each of them, old things and household items, which are silent witnesses, play an important role. days gone by. At the very beginning of the play, the reader learns about a room called the “Children’s Room”, a hundred-year-old closet and, of course, the cherry orchard - the main character of the play.

Gaev and Ranevskaya are typical representatives of the Russian aristocracy. This shows in their speech, mannerisms and lifestyle. They are used to living large, not counting their own expenses, receiving numerous guests on the estate, organizing holidays and celebrations. Even in better times their cash expenses remain unchanged, especially since you can always write a letter to a rich relative and ask for more money for current expenses. Ranevskaya can’t bear to hear about the need to cut down the cherry orchard and rent out plots of land for dachas. In her opinion, it is impossible to remain without a garden, not because there is any benefit from it, but because every tree in it reminds her of a happy time from the distant past.

Firs is a hereditary servant of the family, deeply old man. For him, the meaning of life lies in serving the masters. His care and love for them is boundless, he takes care of Ranevskaya and Gaev like small helpless children. But in fact, they are completely unsuited to practical life; they do not want to acknowledge the coming changes. Firs's busywork looks like an eccentricity, but he himself is convinced that his life's purpose lies only in caring for the masters.

The heroes of the present time in the work are represented by Lopakhin. According to the author, it is precisely such people who should “create” the present. They are active, purposeful, intelligent. They have no illusions that problems in life should be solved on their own. Lopakhin's fate is an example of how a man himself achieves everything in his life, without relying on his father's inheritance.

The future in the finale of the work is indicated very vaguely. Who will be his heroes? The author shows Petya and Anya as people of new times. However, the young man is also not well adapted to life; he is more occupied with endless thoughts about changes, dreams of a bright future. Anya is captivated by Petya’s ideas, she is ready to take action - to plant a new cherry orchard “even more beautiful than the previous one.”

Essay 3

When a writer creates his own work, he draws on the current situation or past experience, and can also extend his gaze to the future. In general, a rather banal phrase, however, this fact should be noted.

What the author will concentrate his attention on depends on his creative and ideological orientation. For example, Chekhov’s contemporary Bryusov, as is known, instructed his poet followers “not to live in the present,” because “only the future is the domain of the poet.” There were also those who were guided by the high ideals of antiquity or other previous eras.

In my opinion, Chekhov did not make separate accents and in fact wrote about the eternal and timeless. This fact is easily confirmed when you read his play. I was simply amazed how accurately some dialogues and phrases describe and current state not only deeds, but also human souls, in particular those who found their bodies on Russian territory.

Of course, in this sense, Chekhov, so to speak, is not new. He does his job, he simply does it efficiently and it’s easy to remember the same Saltykov-Shchedrin with his “drink and steal”, a bit of a lengthy forecast, but accurate, just like about “fools and roads”, which in the current situation are manifested surprisingly clearly and talk here there is no need to talk about the extensiveness of the forecast even with its globality and generalization.

Chinese wisdom considers the era of change to be a rather negative situation. For Russia, the previous one and a half hundred years for the most part seem to be an era of change, which is diluted by apathetic periods of stagnation. Here Chekhov found himself in a period that could be more than interesting for a writer.

No matter how the reforms of previous times were and how rich history may seem, through the prism of the Cherry Orchard we see quite obvious time layers that appear as: a long and stable patriarchal past, stable and large-scale; a shaky present with outdated landowners and nobles; the tragic and sad future that will change the country will lead to shredding and vulgarity.

The triumph of the little man, which Chekhov sees through the transformation of gardens into summer cottages, really took place. Moreover, the author quite rightly pointed out the overall lack of meaning in this transformation. Has the person who settled the dacha plots in that garden, where previously he could only come to work, changed? It’s a rhetorical question, and, in fact, he also works in this garden, only now fruit trees don’t always grow there, but more often it just smells like manure and a chanson sounds mixed with empty chatter and swearing.

Of course, Anton Pavlovich, being like any reasonable creative person, as if above the situation, saw what Russia was heading towards. Of course, not all the nobles whom he so criticizes in the person of the weak-willed Ranevskaya and Gaev will turn out to be helpless, someone will become part of the white movement and not only in words, but also in deeds will prove their intention to fight for the ideals and, in fact, the preservation of the homeland, the safety of something valuable. Nevertheless, many of these people will not understand, even the Lopakhins, just as in the end they do not even understand themselves.

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Features of Chekhov's dramaturgy

Before Anton Chekhov, Russian theater was going through a crisis; it was he who made an invaluable contribution to its development, breathing new life into it. The playwright snatched small sketches from everyday life their heroes, bringing dramaturgy closer to reality. His plays made the viewer think, although they did not contain intrigues or open conflicts, but they reflected the internal anxiety of a turning point in history, when society froze in anticipation of imminent changes, and all social strata became heroes. The apparent simplicity of the plot introduced the stories of the characters before the events described, making it possible to speculate what would happen to them after. In this way, the past, present, and future were mixed in an amazing way in the play “The Cherry Orchard,” by connecting people not so much from different generations, but different eras. And one of the “undercurrents” characteristic of Chekhov’s plays was the author’s reflection on the fate of Russia, and the theme of the future took center stage in “The Cherry Orchard.”

Past, present and future on the pages of the play “The Cherry Orchard”

So how did the past, present and future meet on the pages of the play “The Cherry Orchard”? Chekhov seemed to divide all the heroes into these three categories, depicting them very vividly.

The past in the play “The Cherry Orchard” is represented by Ranevskaya, Gaev and Firs - the oldest character in the entire performance. They are the ones who talk most about what happened; for them, the past is a time in which everything was easy and wonderful. There were masters and servants, each had their own place and purpose. For Firs, the abolition of serfdom became the greatest grief; he did not want freedom, remaining on the estate. He sincerely loved the family of Ranevskaya and Gaev, remaining devoted to them until the very end. For aristocrats Lyubov Andreevna and her brother, the past is a time when they did not need to think about such base things as money. They enjoyed life, doing what brings pleasure, knowing how to appreciate the beauty of intangible things - it is difficult for them to adapt to the new order, in which highly moral values ​​are replaced by material values. For them, it is humiliating to talk about money, about ways to earn it, and Lopakhin’s real proposal to rent out land occupied by an essentially worthless garden is perceived as vulgarity. Unable to make decisions about the future of the cherry orchard, they succumb to the flow of life and simply float along it. Ranevskaya, with her aunt’s money sent for Anya, leaves for Paris, and Gaev goes to work in a bank. The death of Firs at the end of the play is very symbolic, as if saying that the aristocracy as a social class has outlived its usefulness, and there is no place for it, in the form in which it was before the abolition of serfdom.

Lopakhin became a representative of the present in the play “The Cherry Orchard”. “A man is a man,” as he says about himself, a thinking in a new way who knows how to make money using his mind and instincts. Petya Trofimov even compares him to a predator, but a predator with a subtle artistic nature. And this brings Lopakhin a lot of emotional distress. He is perfectly aware of the beauty of the old cherry orchard, which will be cut down according to his will, but he cannot do otherwise. His ancestors were serfs, his father owned a shop, and he became a “white farmer”, amassing a considerable fortune. Chekhov placed special emphasis on the character of Lopakhin, because he was not a typical merchant, whom many treated with disdain. He made himself, paving the way with his work and desire to be better than his ancestors, not only in terms of financial independence, but also in education. In many ways, Chekhov identified himself with Lopakhin, because their pedigrees are similar.

Anya and Petya Trofimov personify the future. They are young, full of strength and energy. And most importantly, they have a desire to change their lives. But, it’s just that Petya is a master at talking and reasoning about a wonderful and fair future, but he doesn’t know how to turn his speeches into action. This is what prevents him from graduating from university or at least somehow organizing his life. Petya denies all attachments - be it to a place or to another person. He captivates the naive Anya with his ideas, but she already has a plan for how to arrange her life. She is inspired and ready to “plant new garden, even more beautiful than before.” However, the future in Chekhov's play “The Cherry Orchard” is very uncertain and vague. In addition to the educated Anya and Petya, there are also Yasha and Dunyasha, and they, too, are the future. Moreover, if Dunyasha is just a stupid peasant girl, then Yasha is a completely different type. The Gaevs and Ranevskys are being replaced by the Lopakhins, but someone will also have to replace the Lopakhins. If you remember history, then 13 years after this play was written, these are the Yashas who came to power - unprincipled, empty and cruel, not attached to anyone or anything.

In the play “The Cherry Orchard,” the heroes of the past, present and future were gathered in one place, but they were not united by an internal desire to be together and exchange their dreams, desires, and experiences. Old Garden and the house holds them, and as soon as they disappear, the connection between the heroes and the time they reflect is severed.

Connection of times today

Only the greatest creations are able to reflect reality even many years after their creation. This happened with the play “The Cherry Orchard”. History is cyclical, society develops and changes, moral and ethical standards are also subject to rethinking. Human life is not possible without memory of the past, inaction in the present, and without faith in the future. One generation is replaced by another, some build, others destroy. This is how it was in Chekhov’s time, and this is how it is now. The playwright was right when he said that “All of Russia is our garden,” and it depends only on us whether it will bloom and bear fruit, or whether it will be cut down at the very root.

The author's discussions about the past, present and future in comedy, about people and generations, about Russia make us think even today. These thoughts will be useful for 10th graders when writing an essay on the topic “Past, present, future in the play “The Cherry Orchard”.”

Work test

The external plot of A.P. Chekhov’s play “The Cherry Orchard” is the sale of Ranevskaya’s estate for debts, the end of the established way of life of a noble family. The beautiful garden, against the backdrop of which characters are shown who do not understand the things that are happening or understand them very incorrectly, is associated with the destinies of several generations - the past, present and future of Russia.
The philosophical content of the play lies in the farewell of the new, young, tomorrow's country to the past, moribund one. We can say that the entire play “The Cherry Orchard” is directed towards the future of the homeland.

/> The past, present and future in the play are personified by the characters of “The Cherry Orchard”. Each of them lives in the present, but for some this is the final stage life path(the path Russia is following). These are Ranevskaya, her brother Gaev, and their devoted old servant Firs. For these heroes, the best is in the past.

For others (Anya, Petya Trofimov) this is only the beginning of a wonderful future, a new life, with new goals, new happiness, new country.
In the play, the return from the present to the past is associated not only with some characters, but also with many details of the work. We are reminded of hoary antiquity by old stones, a hundred-year-old cabinet, cherry, which now they don’t know what to do with, but forty or fifty years ago it brought a lot of income... In addition, the play mentions that six years ago the husband died and the son drowned Ranevskaya, the blind Firs has been mumbling for three years, etc.
From the present to the future in “The Cherry Orchard” the road opens only for Anya, Varya, Petya and Lopakhin. “Yes, time is passing,” notes Lopakhin himself.
So, “The Cherry Orchard” is a play about the past, present and future of Russia. The future appears before us in the form of a beautiful garden. “All of Russia is our garden,” says Trofimov in the second act, and in the final act Anya says: “We will plant a new garden, more luxurious than this one...”
In general, the image of the cherry orchard plays a large, multifaceted role in the play. First of all, it is a symbol of the passing old life, the dead noble culture. “To own living souls - after all, this has reborn all of you, who lived before and are now living, so that your mother, you, uncle, no longer notice that you are living in debt, at the expense of others, at the expense of those people whom you do not allow further front... It’s so clear, in order to start living in the present, we must first redeem our past, put an end to it...” Petya Trofimov says in his monologue.
It seems to me that these words are the idea of ​​the play. The end of the past is its main meaning. Connected with this in “The Cherry Orchard” is the motif of the proximity of happiness. Addressing Anya, Trofimov calls her to the beauty of the future: “I have a presentiment of happiness, Anya, I already see it...

Here it is, happiness, here it comes, coming closer, I can already hear its steps. And if we don’t see him, don’t recognize him, then what’s the harm? Others will see him!”
But the Gaevs and Ranevskys do not seem to think about life, the passing life and the future. Even the terrible drama that plays out in connection with the sale of their native estate does not turn out to be a disaster for them. It seems to me that all this happens for the reason that such heroes as Ranevskaya and Gaev cannot have anything serious, anything dramatic in their lives.

That is why, in my opinion, the comedic, satirical basis of “The Cherry Orchard” is connected with Ranevskaya and, of course, Gaev.
And therefore, these representatives of the past do not deserve the beauty of the future that Petya Trofimov talks about. Ranevskaya and Gaev can only be called representatives with a stretch. They are just ghosts who cannot leave behind even a lasting memory.
Because the characters in “The Cherry Orchard” are clearly divided into two groups, they seem to not hear each other, they cannot find a common language. It’s not surprising: after all, some of them are left in the past, others are moving into the future. Inexorable time separates them...
In fact, time is another character, perhaps the most important one in the play. It is invisible, but the greater its significance. Time does not stand in one place; it is characterized by movement.

Movement is also characteristic of the historical process, of life. This means that Russia will move forward. In any case, this belief is evident in the play.

Obvious, since A.P. Chekhov himself realized that “everything has long grown old, outdated” and is only waiting for “the beginning of something young, fresh.” And the writer happily said goodbye to the past he hated. “Goodbye old life!” - rings in the finale of “The Cherry Orchard” Anya’s young voice, the voice new Russia, Chekhov's voice.

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24. Every poet who entered the Russian classical literature, whether he wants it or not, subsequent generations of critics classify him as a certain literary movement. This makes it easier to consider the creative heritage, easier to understand the works. So we will not ignore the accepted system in order to analyze Blok’s poems. Alexander Blok remained in the memory of posterity as an outstanding symbolist poet. But not many people remember the fact […]...
25. The theme of “The Cherry Orchard” is the theme of the death of old noble estates, their transfer into the hands of the bourgeoisie and the fate of the latter in connection with the appearance of public life Russia has a new social force - the advanced intelligentsia. The play shows the inevitability of the departure from the historical stage of the nobility - an already obsolete, unadapted class. The central place in the play is occupied by the images of landowners-nobles Ranevskaya and […]...
26. And again there are twelve. A. Blok Alexander Alexandrovich Blok is a brilliant master of words, one of the first Russian poets who managed to hear and pour into poetry the “music of the revolution.” In the poem “The Twelve,” Blok tried to capture such an unusual, stormy and interesting time. The poem consists of twelve chapters, this number is repeated once again in the twelve revolutionary soldiers maintaining order in […]...
27. Comparison “All of Russia is our garden!” in Chekhov’s play “The Cherry Orchard” it is very symbolic, because with the beauty of the cherry orchard, which dies from the sound of an ax, all of Russia dies. The image of the garden is the image of the homeland itself. It is the theme of the homeland that is the internal poetic theme of “The Cherry Orchard,” this deeply patriotic play, imbued from the first to the last line with passionate and [...]
28. The play “The Cherry Orchard,” written by Chekhov in 1904, can rightfully be considered the writer’s creative testament. In it, the author raises a number of problems characteristic of Russian literature: the problem of the figure, fathers and children, love, suffering and others. All these problems are united in the theme of the past, present and future of Russia. In Chekhov's last play there is one central image that determines the whole life [...]
29. The theme of the homeland is one of the eternal ones in poetry. Artists of words have turned to it at all times. But in the works of A. Blok this theme takes on a special resonance. After all, the poet lived at the turn of the century, and he said about himself and his contemporaries: “We are the children of the terrible years of Russia.” The premonition of “unheard-of changes” and “unprecedented rebellions” cast a special glow on [...]
30. Sunset in the blood! Blood flows from the heart! Cry, heart, cry... There is no peace! The steppe mare gallops! A. Blok The cycle “On the Kulikovo Field” was created by Blok during the timeless period after the defeat of the first Russian revolution in 1905. It is connected with the understanding of the events of September 8, 1380 - the battle on the Kulikovo field between the troops of Khan Mamai and the army of Dmitry […]...
31. At the center of Chekhov’s play “The Cherry Orchard” is the question of saving the cherry orchard, the estate of the landowner Ranevskaya. It is important that the garden represents all of Russia. Thus, the playwright poses in his work the question of whether it is possible to save “old” Russia - a noble country, with its centuries-old way of life, culture, philosophy, and worldview. We can say that throughout the comedy the role of [...]
32. In A.P. Chekhov’s play “The Cherry Orchard” many characters in some way oppose each other. Therefore, we can identify contrasting pairs of heroes with their contrasting beliefs. Firstly, “I am above love” by Ranevskaya and “we are above love” by Petya Trofimov. For Firs, all the best is irrevocably a thing of the past, Anya is recklessly focused on the future. Varya lives for her family, renouncing [...]
33. In the play “The Cherry Orchard” A.P. Chekhov raises the most important social issue the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries - the theme of the death of “noble nests”. This work clearly shows the farewells of the new, young, tomorrow's Russia to the past, obsolete, doomed. The “old” and “new” times in the play are symbolized by the characters: representatives of the old, patriarchal Russia - Ranevskaya, her brother Gaev, Simeonov-Pishchik, a man of the new time - […]...
34. The passage of time in A.P. Chekhov’s play “The Cherry Orchard” The play “The Cherry Orchard” is a step in the development of Chekhov the playwright and writer. It was written in 1903. This time went down in history as pre-revolutionary. During this period, many progressive writers tried to comprehend the existing state of the country, to find a way out of the numerous contradictions that engulfed Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. I tried to solve it in my own way [...]
35. The vast majority of people are deeply unhappy. A. P. Chekhov Art world Chekhov is infinitely complex, multifaceted, devoid of any unilinearity. All the imperfections of life were revealed to the writer; the deep tragedy of human existence was clear. Therefore, it is natural that the play “The Cherry Orchard” includes the theme of “incompetence.” Chekhov portrays unhappy, suffering people. The circle of “klutz” is quite wide, although the word “klutz” is used in […]...
36. The title of the play is symbolic. “All of Russia is our garden,” Chekhov said. This last play was written by Chekhov at the cost of enormous physical effort, and simply rewriting the play was an act of the greatest difficulty. Chekhov finished “The Cherry Orchard” on the eve of the first Russian revolution, in the year of his early death(1904). Thinking about the death of the cherry orchard, about the fate of the inhabitants of the ruined estate, he […]...
37. “The Cherry Orchard” is the last play by the brilliant Chekhov. The playwright's philosophical reflections found expression in it: about the fate of Russia - its past, present and future; about contemporaries and descendants, about fleeting time, about the destiny of man. At the center of the play is the fate of the estate of the Gaev landowners. The “soul” of this estate is the cherry orchard, with which the memories of three generations of heroes are associated: […]...
38. The main themes of the play “The Cherry Orchard,” written in 1904, are: death noble nest, the victory of an enterprising merchant-industrialist over the obsolete Ranevskaya and Gaev, and the theme of the future of Russia associated with the images of Petya Trofimov and Anya. The farewell of the new, young Russia to the past, to the obsolete, aspiration to the tomorrow of Russia - this is the content of “The Cherry Orchard”. Russia […]...
39. The play begins with the landowner Ranevskaya arriving at her estate, which has long been mortgaged and will be sold at auction in case of non-payment of debts. But Ranevskaya, like her brother Gaev, does nothing to save the estate, a beautiful cherry orchard. The merchant Lopakhin proposes to set up a garden for plots, renting them out to summer residents. But Ranevskaya and Gaev […]...
40. Anton Pavlovich Chekhov was a great citizen of Russia. In many of his works we see our Motherland through his eyes. Before moving on to the topic of my essay, I would like to talk about what kind of person Anton Pavlovich was. He called lies, hypocrisy and arbitrariness his main enemies. The writer's entire life was filled with persistent, systematic work. Having lived forty-four […]...

Past, present, future in A. P. Chekhov’s play “The Cherry Orchard”

Introduction
1. Problems of the play by A.P. Chekhov's "The Cherry Orchard"
2. The embodiment of the past - Ranevskaya and Gaev
3. Exponent of the ideas of the present - Lopakhin
4. Heroes of the future - Petya and Anya
Conclusion
List of used literature

Introduction

Anton Pavlovich Chekhov is a writer of powerful creative talent and unique subtle skill, manifested with equal brilliance both in his stories and in his novels and plays.
Chekhov's plays constituted an entire era in Russian drama and theater and had an immeasurable influence on all their subsequent development.
Continuing and deepening the best traditions of the dramaturgy of critical realism, Chekhov strove to ensure that his plays were dominated by the truth of life, unvarnished, in all its commonness and everyday life.
Showing the natural flow of everyday life ordinary people, Chekhov bases his plots not on one, but on several organically related, intertwined conflicts. At the same time, conflict is predominantly leading and unifying. characters not with each other, but with the entire social environment around them.

Problems of the play by A.P. Chekhov's "The Cherry Orchard"

The play “The Cherry Orchard” occupies a special place in Chekhov’s work. Before her, he awakened the idea of ​​​​the need to change reality, showing the hostility of man's living conditions, highlighting those features of his characters that doomed them to the position of a victim. In The Cherry Orchard, reality is depicted in its historical development. The topic of changing social structures is being widely developed. The noble estates with their parks and cherry orchards, with their unreasonable owners, are becoming a thing of the past. They are being replaced by business-like and practical people; they are the present of Russia, but not its future. Only the younger generation has the right to cleanse and change life. Hence the main idea of ​​the play: the establishment of a new social force, opposing not only the nobility, but also the bourgeoisie and called upon to rebuild life on the principles of true humanity and justice.
Chekhov's play “The Cherry Orchard” was written during the period of social upsurge of the masses in 1903. It reveals to us another page of his multifaceted creativity, reflecting the complex phenomena of that time. The play amazes us with its poetic power and drama, and is perceived by us as a sharp exposure of the social ills of society, an exposure of those people whose thoughts and actions are far from moral standards of behavior. The writer clearly shows deep psychological conflicts, helps the reader to see the reflection of events in the souls of the heroes, makes us think about the meaning of true love and true happiness. Chekhov easily takes us from our present to the distant past. Together with its heroes, we live next to the cherry orchard, see its beauty, clearly feel the problems of that time, together with the heroes we try to find answers to complex questions. It seems to me that the play “The Cherry Orchard” is a play about the past, present and future not only of its characters, but also of the country as a whole. The author shows the clash between representatives of the past, the present and the future inherent in this present. I think that Chekhov managed to show the justice of the inevitable departure from the historical arena of such seemingly harmless persons as the owners of the cherry orchard. So who are they, the garden owners? What connects their lives with his existence? Why is the cherry orchard so dear to them? Answering these questions, Chekhov reveals an important problem - the problem of passing life, its worthlessness and conservatism.
The very name of Chekhov's play sets one in a lyrical mood. In our minds, a bright and unique image of a blooming garden appears, personifying beauty and the desire for a better life. The main plot of the comedy is related to the sale of this ancient noble estate. This event largely determines the fate of its owners and inhabitants. Thinking about the fate of the heroes, you involuntarily think about more, about the ways of development of Russia: its past, present and future.

The embodiment of the past - Ranevskaya and Gaev

Exponent of the ideas of the present - Lopakhin

Heroes of the future - Petya and Anya

All this involuntarily leads us to the idea that the country needs completely different people who will accomplish different great things. And these other people are Petya and Anya.
Trofimov is a democrat by origin, habits and beliefs. Creating images of Trofimov, Chekhov expresses in this image such leading features as devotion to public causes, desire for a better future and propaganda of the fight for it, patriotism, integrity, courage, and hard work. Trofimov, despite his 26 or 27 years, has a lot of difficult life experience behind him. He has already been expelled from the university twice. He has no confidence that he will not be expelled a third time and that he will not remain an “eternal student.”
Experiencing hunger, poverty, and political persecution, he did not lose faith in a new life, which would be based on fair, humane laws and creative constructive work. Petya Trofimov sees the failure of the nobility, mired in idleness and inaction. He gives a largely correct assessment of the bourgeoisie, noting its progressive role in the economic development of the country, but denying it the role of creator and creator of new life. In general, his statements are distinguished by directness and sincerity. While treating Lopakhin with sympathy, he nevertheless compares him with a beast of prey, “who eats everything that comes his way.” In his opinion, the Lopakhins are not capable of decisively changing life by building it on reasonable and fair principles. Petya causes deep thoughts in Lopakhin, who in his soul envies the conviction of this “shabby gentleman”, which he himself so lacks.
Trofimov's thoughts about the future are too vague and abstract. “We are heading uncontrollably towards the bright star that burns there in the distance!” - he says to Anya. Yes, his goal is wonderful. But how to achieve it? Where is the main force that can turn Russia into a blooming garden?
Some treat Petya with slight irony, others with undisguised love. In his speeches one can hear a direct condemnation of a dying life, a call for a new one: “I’ll get there. I’ll get there or show others the way to get there.” And he points. He points it out to Anya, whom he loves dearly, although he skillfully hides it, realizing that he is destined for a different path. He tells her: “If you have the keys to the farm, then throw them into the well and leave. Be free like the wind."
The klutz and “shabby gentleman” (as Varya ironically calls Trofimova) lacks Lopakhin’s strength and business acumen. He submits to life, stoically enduring its blows, but is not able to master it and become the master of his destiny. True, he captivated Anya with his democratic ideas, who expresses her readiness to follow him, firmly believing in the wonderful dream of a new blooming garden. But this young seventeen-year-old girl, who gained information about life mainly from books, is pure, naive and spontaneous, has not yet encountered reality.
Anya is full of hope, vitality, but there is still so much inexperience and childhood in her. In terms of character, she is in many ways close to her mother: she has a love for beautiful word, to sensitive intonations. At the beginning of the play, Anya is carefree, quickly moving from concern to animation. She is practically helpless, she is used to living carefree, not thinking about her daily bread or tomorrow. But all this does not prevent Anya from breaking with her usual views and way of life. Its evolution is taking place before our eyes. Anya’s new views are still naive, but she says goodbye to the old home and the old world forever.
It is unknown whether she will have enough spiritual strength, perseverance and courage to complete the path of suffering, labor and hardship. Will she be able to maintain that ardent faith in the best, which makes her say goodbye to her old life without regret? Chekhov does not answer these questions. And this is natural. After all, we can only talk about the future speculatively.

Conclusion

The truth of life in all its consistency and completeness is what Chekhov was guided by when creating his images. That is why each character in his plays represents a living human character, attracting with great meaning and deep emotionality, convincing with its naturalness, the warmth of human feelings.
In terms of the strength of his direct emotional impact, Chekhov is perhaps the most outstanding playwright in the art of critical realism.
Chekhov's dramaturgy, which responded to pressing issues of his time, addressed the everyday interests, experiences and worries of ordinary people, awakened the spirit of protest against inertia and routine, and called for social activity to improve life. Therefore, she has always had a huge influence on readers and viewers. The significance of Chekhov's drama has long gone beyond the borders of our homeland; it has become global. Chekhov's dramatic innovation is widely recognized abroad. great motherland. I am proud that Anton Pavlovich is a Russian writer, and no matter how different the masters of culture may be, they probably all agree that Chekhov, with his works, prepared the world for a better life, more beautiful, more just, more reasonable.
If Chekhov looked with hope into the 20th century, which was just beginning, then we live in the new 21st century, still dreaming of our cherry orchard and of those who will nurture it. Flowering trees cannot grow without roots. And the roots are the past and the present. Therefore, for a wonderful dream to come true, the younger generation must combine high culture, education with practical knowledge of reality, will, perseverance, hard work, humane goals, that is, embody the best features of Chekhov's heroes.

List of used literature

1. History of Russian literature second half of the 19th century century / ed. prof. N.I. Kravtsova. Publisher: Prosveshchenie - Moscow 1966.
2. Exam questions and answers. Literature. 9th and 11th grades. Tutorial. – M.: AST – PRESS, 2000.
3. A. A. Egorova. How to write an essay with a "5". Study guide. Rostov-on-Don, “Phoenix”, 2001.
4. Chekhov A.P. Stories. Plays. – M.: Olimp; LLC "Firm" Publishing house AST, 1998.