December 6, 1774

October 8, 1800.

Memory of Salavat Yulaev

The city of Salavat in Bashkortostan


Ice Sports Palace in Ufa

Dedicated to Salavat Yulaev:

Order of Salavat Yulaev

Monuments:

Other:

08.10.1800

Salavat Yulaev

National Hero

Companion of Pugachev

News and Events

A monument to Salavat Yulaev was unveiled in Ufa

In the city of Ufa, Republic of Bashkortostan, on the high bank of the Belaya River, on November 17, 1967, a monument to the national hero Salavat Yulaev was unveiled. The monument is a sculptural work of the Soviet monumental sculptor Soslanbek Tavasiev, who worked on it for more than 30 years. The monument is unique in that, weighing 40 tons, it has only three support points. The height of the model reaches 9.8 meters.

National hero of Bashkiria Salavat Yulaev died in hard labor

Bashkir national hero, poet-storyteller, devotee of Emelyan Pugachev Salavat Yulaev died in hard labor on October 8, 1800. Being young, Salavat was mobilized to fight Emelyan Pugachev. However, soon, together with his detachment, Yulaev went over to the side of the rebels who were laying siege to Orenburg. Yulaev led many events in Pugachev’s uprising and took part in more than twenty battles. Because of his betrayal, Salavat Yulaev was arrested. During interrogations, he did not betray any of his comrades. After a long investigation in Ufa, Kazan, Moscow, Orenburg and again in Ufa, according to the verdict, Salavat Yulaev, together with his father, Yulay Aznalin, was subjected to whipping and branding, after which they were sent to eternal hard labor in the Baltic fortress of Rogervik.

Bashkir national hero Salavat Yulaev was arrested

The national hero of Bashkiria Salavat Yulaev was arrested on December 6, 1774 due to betrayal. The team of Lieutenant Leskovsky from the corps of General Freiman, reinforced by cavalry detachments of Mishar elders Muksin and Zyamgur Abdusalyamov, overtook Salavat Yulaev in the Karatau mountains with a group of his comrades who remained with him and after a short skirmish captured them. At the same time, Yulai Aznalin confessed to collegiate adviser Timashev and was taken into custody. Even before the arrest, Yulaev’s wives and children were captured and brought to Ufa as hostages. During interrogations, Salavat did not betray any of his comrades, did not slander anyone, trying to ease his fate.

Salavat Yulaev was born on June 27, 1754 in the village of Tekeyevo, Orenburg region. The boy came from a noble family, in each generation of which there were Tarkhans, mullahs, Abyzys, and batyrs who led the Bashkir uprisings from the beginning of the 18th century.

The history of Salavat began in October 1773, when the young man mobilized to fight Emelyan Pugachev. However, soon, together with his detachment, Yulaev went over to the side of the rebels who were laying siege to Orenburg. Until November 1774 he led the uprising in Bashkiria. In mid-January 1774, his detachment joined the detachment of Kanzafar Usaev, a colonel in Pugachev’s army, and together they stormed the city of Kungur. For faithful service, on June 3, 1774, Emelyan awarded Kanzafar Usaev and Salavat Yulaev the rank of brigadier.

Yulaev led many key events of this war and took part in more than twenty battles. He and his detachment took the Simsky and Katavsky factories. He also besieged the Chelyabinsk fortress, participated in the siege of Orenburg, and burned the Krasnoufimsk fortress. Salavat never allowed his army to be completely defeated. Each time he managed to preserve his main forces, restore battle formations in the shortest possible time and again participate in battles.

At the end of March - beginning of April 1774, the tsarist troops managed to inflict a serious defeat on the main rebel forces near Orenburg, Ufa, Menzelinsk, Kungur, Krasnoufimsk and Chelyabinsk. After the defeats inflicted by Mikhelson and the capture of Pugachev, despite repeated demands to stop resistance and surrender, Salavat continued the uprising on the territory of Bashkortostan.

The Bashkir hero is also known as an improvising poet. His works, preserved thanks to records from the words of storytellers in the 19th century, are one of the outstanding phenomena of early Bashkir literature. Yulaev's poems called on the people to fight the oppressors, sang the beauty of their native land, the people and their ancient customs, the sacred faith of their ancestors and love.

Due to betrayal, the team of Lieutenant Leskovsky from the corps of General Freiman, reinforced by cavalry detachments of Mishar elders Muksin and Zyamgur Abdusalyamov, December 6, 1774 overtook Salavat Yulaev in the Karatau mountains with a group of comrades remaining with him and after a short skirmish captured them. At the same time, Yulai Aznalin confessed to collegiate adviser Timashev and was taken into custody. Even before the arrest, Yulaev’s wives and children were captured and brought to Ufa as hostages.

During interrogations, Salavat did not betray any of his comrades, did not slander anyone, trying to ease his fate. After a long investigation in Ufa, Kazan, Moscow, Orenburg and again in Ufa, according to the verdict of July 26, 1775, Salavat, together with his father, Yulay Aznalin, was subjected to whipping and branding. Shackled hand and foot on October 13, 1775, on two carts under guard, they were sent to eternal hard labor in the Baltic fortress of Rogervik.

The national hero of the Bashkir people, poet, associate of Emelyan Pugachev, symbol of modern Bashkortostan Salavat Yulaev died in hard labor October 8, 1800.

Memory of Salavat Yulaev

The national hero of the Bashkir people is a symbol of modern Bashkortostan. The district, city, streets, cultural and educational institutions are named after him.

The Salavat Yulaev Museum operates in Salavat’s native places: in the village of Maloyaz, Salavat district of the Republic of Bashkortostan; a branch of the museum is located in the village of Alkino.

The following are named after Salavat Yulaev:

The city of Salavat in Bashkortostan
Salavat district in Bashkortostan
Hockey club "Salavat Yulaev"
Ice Sports Palace in Ufa
Streets and avenues of Salavat Yulaev in many cities of Russia and Ukraine

Dedicated to Salavat Yulaev:

Opera "Salavat Yulaev", written by Zagir Ismagilov and poet Bayazit Bikbay in 1955

Ballet “Mountain Eagle” (“Ural borkoto”, 1959, libretto and music by Kh. F. Akhmetov and N. G. Sabitov, choreography by K. D. Karpinskaya)

The film “Salavat Yulaev”, filmed in 1941 in the USSR by director Yakov Protazanov.

The Republic of Bashkortostan has established:

Order of Salavat Yulaev

State Prize named after Salavat Yulaev for best works in literature, art and architecture (since 1967).

Monuments:

Monument to Salavat Yulaev near the building of the Parliament of the Republic of Belarus (40 Zaki Validi St.).

The first monument-bust to Salavat in the republic by T. P. Nechaeva was installed in the open air in his native place - in the Salavat region in 1952.

In 1989, a similar monument-bust made of forged copper was installed in the Estonian city of Paldiski.

In Ufa, on November 17, 1967, a monument to Salavat Yulaev was unveiled by the Ossetian sculptor S. D. Tavasiev. The image of this monument appeared on the coat of arms of Bashkortostan.

A copy of the monument in the Uvildy sanatorium in the Argayash district of the Chelyabinsk region was installed in 2005.

Monuments-busts were installed in Salavat (bust of S. Yulaev), Baymak, Sibay, Askarovo.

In Krasnoufimsk, on June 28, 2008, a monument to the national hero was unveiled, which was installed on Salavat Yulaev Street.

Other:

A double-deck motor ship is named after “Salavat Yulaev”

In 1919-1920, the political department of the Bashkir separate cavalry division published the newspaper “Salavat”.

During the Great Patriotic War The name of Salavat Yulaev was carried by: an anti-tank artillery regiment, an armored train and other units.

The image of Salavat Yulaev is immortalized in Bashkir and Russian folk art, in the works of Russian, Bashkir, Tatar, Kazakh, Chuvash, Udmurt and Mari writers.

... read more >

Salavat Yulaev (1752─1800) - hero of the Bashkir people, one of the most active participants and leaders of the Peasant War under the leadership of E. Pugachev. His struggle for the rights of the indigenous population of Bashkiria will forever be preserved in the people's memory. In addition, Salavat Yulaev left behind a creative legacy in the form of poems written in the Bashkir language. They are an important linguistic source on the history of the country.

Early life

Salavat Yulaev was born on June 5 (16), 1752 in the small village of Tekeyevo, Ufa province, Orenburg province. After the Pugachev uprising it was destroyed and has not survived to this day. His family was quite noble and well known in Bashkiria. Mullahs, abyzys or warriors came from it in every generation.

The hero's father, Yulai Aznalin, served as a centurion in the army in his youth and participated in the military operations of the Bar Conference, which opposed Russian influence on the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. After that, he returned to his small homeland and was appointed elder of the Shaitan-Kudei volost.

Yulay was also an active participant in nationalist protests and took part in the Bashkir uprising that began in 1735. The main motive of the protest movements was the fight against the illegal seizure of Bashkir lands by the owners of factories, of which a lot were being built at that time. Salavat's father lived his entire life as an illiterate, but insisted that his son learn to write and read. At the same time, the young man was instilled with love and devotion to his people and country, which would be noticeably manifested in his actions in the future.

Salavat's contemporaries noted his slender figure, lightness of gait, and at the same time great intelligence. At the age of 19, he took the position of foreman of his native Shaitan-Kudei volost.

Participation in the Peasant War. The beginning of the uprising

On the eve of the largest anti-government uprising, the Yulaevs experienced a new round of worsening relations with the authorities. It was caused by the violent seizure of their land for the construction of the Simsky plant. At that time, Yulai Aznalin and Salavat were part of the punitive corps, which was tasked with participating in military operations against the rebels. But in October 1773, most of the unit decided to voluntarily go over to the side of the rebels, as a result of which they turned out to be associates of E. Pugachev. Already on November 12, the Bashkirs appeared in Berdskaya Sloboda, where the ataman was then located.

While in the ranks of the rebels, Salavat took part in the fight against the Orenburg garrison, whose soldiers staged forays from time to time, then besieged the Verkhneozernaya fortress and Ilyinskoye. But in one of the battles he was wounded, after which he was sent to his native village for treatment. Later, Emelyan Pugachev, remembering the valor and bravery of the brave Bashkir, raises him to the rank of colonel and instructs him to lead the anti-government movement in the Kama region.

The apogee of the popular movement

Having regained his health, Salavat assembled his own detachment from residents of Russian settlements located in the northeastern part of the Ufa province, as well as Bashkirs who lived along the Siberian Road. With this unit he moved towards Krasnoufimsk, which he captured in mid-January 1774. Here, local Cossacks, peasants, as well as factory workers who did not want to endure the increased oppression of serfdom joined the ranks of the rebels. Further, the path of the Bashkir hero lay towards Kungur, which was desperately defended by government troops. Having united with other atamans (A. Bigashev, K. Usaev, M. Maltsev, I. Kuznetsov, B. Kankaev), Yulaev is trying to take the Kama town. The siege lasted for several days, but it did not bring much success to the rebels, and Salavat was again wounded.

After the tsarist troops defended Kungur, they rushed into a counteroffensive and drove the rebels back to Krasnoufimsk. Here, in February-March 1774, heavy battles unfolded, in which only Yulaev, who had recovered from his wounds, took part. He commanded a Russian-Bashkir detachment and established himself as a talented leader, capable of effectively organizing a guerrilla war against a superior opponent.

In the spring of 1774, he and his squad moved to the Ufa region, where he found great support from local residents. Salavat’s division repeatedly came into conflict with I. Mikhelson’s large corps. And although it failed to defeat the government troops, each time after the battles Yulaev managed to avoid serious losses. Despite Pugachev’s support, the actions of the Bashkir detachments were of a slightly different nature. Unlike their comrades, when they captured factories, they did not force them to give up guns and melt new ones for their army, but simply destroyed the taken enterprises, thus returning to the old days.

The beginning of the end

At the beginning of June 1774, Salavat joined Pugachev’s main army, sending 3 thousand Bashkirs into its ranks. Two days later, Pugachev and Yulaev fought two fierce battles against Mikhelson on the banks of the Ai River. And if they lost in the first, then the second did not reveal a winner. After this, Pugachev quickly headed north to the Kama region.

Salavat Yulaev's detachment moved at the forefront of the rebel troops. He took part in the capture of Krasnoufimsk and new battles near Kungur. Having failed to take this fortress, the rebels headed to the town of Osa, which they began to actively besiege. A few days later, the main forces led by Pugachev arrived here, and the fate of the fortress was sealed: it fell on June 21. Then Pugachev headed towards Kazan, intending to go further to Moscow. At this time, Yulaev’s unit returns to Bashkiria with the firm intention of taking Ufa. However, the tsarist troops regrouped their forces and gradually began to oust the rebels from their positions.

On September 18 and 22, 1774, Yulaev suffered two painful defeats from the corps of Lieutenant Colonel I. Ryleev near the Eldyak fortress. This forced Salavat to retreat to Katav-Ivanovsk and hide in the surrounding forests. In mid-November, he attempted to attack the royal detachment under the leadership of F. Freiman, but encountered persistent resistance, which forced the rebels to flee, abandoning their guns.

On November 25, Yulaev’s detachment was overtaken in the Karatau mountains by a unit of Lieutenant V. Leskovsky and the Mishar elders Abdusalimovs who supported him. After a small skirmish, Salavat and his supporters were arrested. Even earlier, his wives and children were deprived of their freedom. Yulaev tried to actively fight against this arbitrariness, saying: “There is no such decree to take away the family from those deprived of life.” He asked to send the complaint to the provincial chancellery, and if this does not help, then to the Senate.

Being in captivity

After his capture, Yulaev was sent to Ufa, then transported to Kazan, where he was put in a prison camp. Here he was interrogated along with his father and on March 16, 1775 he was sentenced to corporal punishment and lifelong hard labor. But, given the fact that the Yulaevs always rejected the charges brought against them, the verdict indicated the need to conduct an additional investigation at the site of their “atrocities.” For this, Salavat is transported to Orenburg and then to Ufa.

The new investigation was conducted by officials of the Ufa Provincial Office, who confirmed the previous verdict. As a result, the final verdict provided for 175 lashes each for father and son, after which they were to have their nostrils torn out and given convict marks, and then sent to indefinite hard labor in the Estonian province at the port of Rogervik, which was then under construction. Former comrades of Yulaev and Pugachev I. Aristov, K. Usaev and some others were also exiled here. The hero of the Bashkir people will spend the rest of his life in prison, where he will die on September 26, 1800.

Poetic path

In addition to participating in the Peasant War, Salavat Yulaev was remembered as a talented poet. About 500 lines of his improvised poems, recorded in the 19th century, have reached us. They show an extraordinary love for their land. This is what he writes in the work “My Ural”:

Ay, Ural, you are my Ural
Gray-haired giant, Ural!
Head under the clouds
You have risen, my Ural!

The main themes that Salavat Yulaev glorified in his work were native land, Bashkir people, traditions and customs of their ancestors. The poet wrote his poems in the Bashkir language, so they are of great interest as a linguistic monument.

The name of the national hero will forever remain in the memory of the Bashkir people. Named after Salavat Yulaev settlements, streets, cultural institutions, including several museums. In 1967, a prize was founded (since 1992 - the State Prize named after Salavat Yulaev), which is awarded to the best artists of the republic. In many cities of Bashkiria, monuments to the famous hero have been erected. An opera of the same name was created in honor of Salavat Yulaev (authors: composer Z. Ismagilov and poet B. Bikbay), as well as feature film(directed by Y. Protazanov).

Salavat Yulaev.

This is not a historical study.

This is what I know or do you know about the so-called rebels in Rus'?
Answer yourself briefly.

I asked myself this question.
He answered himself - not much, almost nothing, except names.

I didn’t just read Wikipedia. She can't be trusted. It often contains controversial things that need to be double-checked and only as a seed for searching. I started by searching for the names that the Bashkirs call their children. I learned that the Pechenegs had the Bashkirs as a powerful wing and the Genghisids (relatively Asians, some “Tatar-Mongols”) as a striking force, after the Bashkirs and Bulgars had completely crushed the invincible troops of Genghis Khan. And then they came to destroy the Polovtsians with a certain Batu. I read that all the same raids were made by Alexander’s grandfather - Vsevolod the Big Nest, before the mythical Tatar-Mongols. And German historians turned everything upside down under Peter the first from his order and the chronicle, and so they lied and destroyed or distorted everything. Well, there were no Mongol Tatars as a mighty army in the Russian lands, there were no princes, boyars, clergy who got carried away in internecine warfare - the authorities.

How is this possible?
This was the only defeat of the invincible Genghis Khan. Know this was from the warriors of the Bashkirs and Bulgars. Yes, they were always there and supported each other. And in Bashkiria there are now a lot of Tatars - Bulgars. The Tatars now make up a significant part of Bashkiria - this is so. And many Bashkirs speak the Tatar language, which is not much different from the Bashkir language. The Turks even understand the Bashkirs, if we speak slowly.

His opponents should not have forgiven Chinchizkhan for this defeat. That means he was forever “on the stove.”

Who is Batu and Batu? Nobody knows.
The story about him has been sucked out of thin air. Do you even know anything?
Batu came only 13 years later, after Chinzizkhan was lowered and the Bashkirs and Bulgars were released in battle. This was his only defeat - from warriors from the Bulgars and Bashkirs. But almost no one knows or believes it.

For 37 years, the few Bashkirs could not conquer this mythical “million” - the “Chinchizids”. Apparently they did not conquer, they could only offer the army to the warriors.

It is very unclear from the history written as to how a certain Batu, Batu, came with the Kipchaks, the same ones who had previously defeated Genghis Khan’s troops into crumbs and sent him and his best warriors Subedei and Jebe home, and did not finish them off on the spot.

It was not the Mongols who came, but the Kipchaks then came, defending themselves from constant attacks from Asia and the Polovtsians, protected by the Kyiv princes, who had intermarried with the Polovtsians. Yes, the same Dolgoruky got dirty with his relatives with the Polovtsians and it was with them that he attacked the Bulgars and destroyed and burned their cities and villages and them all to the ground. Those who were with the Bashkirs survived; Dolgoruky did not dare to interfere with them.

The story as written is so murky. Impossible to know. Vsevolod the Big Nest made campaigns to pacify the presumptuous princes along the same route as Batu. There are facts about this. I don't know what happened then. Apparently Alexander Nevsky called the Kipchaks to war with the Polovtsians. His grandfather had already destroyed, or joined them later, he could have been called Batu, Batu among the steppe inhabitants, and by others by another name. If he didn’t call, then the Bashkirs came and with the Bulgars themselves took revenge on the Polovtsians to finish off their fucking and bloody pandemonium with the princes and boyars at the head. The Polovtsians were finished off and left. What kind of gold is there in these cities they conquered? What reward? Walk by and spit - this is poverty. These were all poor towns and villages, but Kyiv had been burned more than once and the walls were full of holes several years before the alleged Tatar-Mongol attack. For 20 years these attackers did not take tribute. It doesn't happen that way. The attackers take everything at once. How is that? At least explain to me the greedlessness of the attackers. I don’t believe the German historians who described all these events. Otherwise, they wouldn’t even know anything about Alexander Nevsky. If you believe them, then a millionth machine destroyed cities and villages from a thousand to three or five cities. Well, this is funny. And how many warriors do they have - three hundred with axes?

When I was looking for questions about the Bashkirs, I got completely stuck in the distorted history of Rus' and the story of the Tatar-Mongols. My question was simple and clear - who are the Bashkirs?
Found something.
I was pulled out of the muddy swamp of existing contradictory studies by a simple thought - the Bashkirs then lived and now live, preserving theirs. They have lived since time immemorial. We were never serfs. And the descendants of those Bashkir tribes that lived for centuries before the troubled history of Rurik still live today.

If you are of any nationality and faith, you kindly come to visit a Bashkir or Tatar village, They are nearby, then your grandmothers will receive you, wearing red scarves with a pattern embroidered by their hands, and in the same way as is customary among good Bashkirs. Don’t give up kumiss and horse meat.

I will refer to Wikipedia only as persons and dates. Yes, and those who write change. I don't trust them, but I read them.

Stepan Timofeevich Razin, also known as Stenka Razin; (around 1630, Russian Tsardom - June 6, 1671, Moscow, Russian Tsardom) - Don Cossack, leader of the uprising of 1670-1671...
(Wikipedia)
That is, they say that for one year Stepan Razin rebelled, supported by a considerable number of people. And he drowned not just some kind of enemy, but he drowned his real wife, his lawful wife.
Emelyan Ivanovich Pugachev (1742 - January 10, 1775, Moscow) - Don Cossack, leader of the Peasant War of 1773-1775 in Russia.
(Wikipedia)
That is, they say that there was a riot and an internecine war, organized by Emelyan Pugachev, supported by a considerable number of people.

I was told at school that Razin and Pugachev were liberators of the peasants.
Where are the numerous non-wooden and non-deteriorating cement monuments to Stepan Razin and Emelyan Pugachev from the Don people? One?

Salavat Yulaev (Bashk. Salauat Yulaev; June 16, 1752 - October 8, 1800) - Bashkir national hero, one of the leaders of the Peasant War of 1773-1775, they write that he joined the war at the same time. Poet-improviser (saeseng). (From Wikipedia). Remember, Salavat Yulaev is not an associate of Emelyan Pugachev, he had to go out to fight, but on his own. Others simply left, they got scared, some of the powerful Bashkir khans then left with their troops to the side.

The poet was a poet, but for a whole year he could not be defeated, the organized and trained troops of the tsarist state could not destroy him. Salavat did not fight against the king. He knew that his people swore allegiance to Ivan IV, sending their ambassadors with gifts as a descendant of Genghis. Both Tsar and Khan Ivan IV, a descendant of Genghis Khan on his mother’s side, remembered that Genghis was not killed by the Bashkirs, but was sent home, released without being killed, to his own home.

Didn't you know this? Did you think that it was just like that?

Salavat Yulaev did not stand behind Pugachev’s troops. He was an independent fighting force. He had his own warriors - light and mobile combat cavalry with sabers, without cannons.
As for the rebellion of Salavat Yulaev - he was forced to revolt not against the authorities, but against those who, under the guise of power, stole and took away lands and natural resources from the Bashkirs in the Trans-Ural region to the Tyumen (it was they who finished off the thief and bandit this bitch Ermak) where today the Magnitogorsk and Chelyabinsk regions are where the ancestral lands of the Bashkirs were - lands, the right to free ownership of which was confirmed by both Chinchizkhan and Ivan IV (the Terrible).

Any warriors from Asia and Rus' who came not in peace, but with a sword to the Bashkirs, were choked to the gills by their attack, if it remained. Maybe I said it too harshly, but that's how it is. And there were losses.

“In 1772, when Yulay Aznalin was with the Russian troops in rebellious Poland as the head of one of the detachments of the Bashkir regiment, his son Salavat temporarily acted as the volost foreman. In October 1773, Salavat Yulaev was sent by his father to head a detachment of Bashkir shaitan- Kudeya volost (95 people) to the Sterlitamak pier, where the Ufa authorities formed a large detachment of “foreigners” to fight Pugachev, Salavat moved slowly and, when two weeks later he finally reached Sterlitamak, which was only 400 km away, only 80 came with him. man. It can be assumed that Salavat had already chosen the path he would follow, which was reflected in the songs and legends associated with him. He sent 15 horsemen along the roads and wintering grounds to scout and call on the Bashkirs to revolt. received the news, - the people remembered one of Salavat’s speeches. The Bashkir people - Burzyans, Tamians, Tamaurovs, Usergens, Tabins, Kataevs, Zyurmatians and Kipchaks - all without exception... want to rebel.” Indeed, soon the flight from the Sterlitamak teams began. And when on November 7-9 Pugachev’s military leaders Ovchinnikov and Zarubin defeated General Kara, the Bashkirs did not help him. On November 10, Alibai Murzagulov’s detachment, which included the Shaitan-Kudei Bashkirs, went over to Pugachev’s side near the village of Bikkulova. Thus began the rebel activity of Salavat."http://enoth.org/enc/2/6.html
(I note that from Ufa to Sterlitamak it is less than 100 km, and not 400 km at all. This is how historians write history.)

How I punished state power You know Stepan Razin and Emelyan Pugachev of Rus' - it’s impossible to even call it cruel.
I have a question. Why wasn’t Salavat Yulaev subjected to that painful physical destruction, quartering, chopping off... and hanging out the remains of the body and the severed head to be looked at, rotting, not subjected to what Razin and Pugachev were subjected to?

He, Salavat Yulaev, the poet and warrior, was blinded.

Nineteen-year-old Salavat Yulaev fought for only a little over a year, commanding a small army of horsemen. His army and he himself fought against regular, well-trained troops against the troops of Suvorov, his students, armed with rifles and cannons, fought against the then best army in the world with the military strategy and tactics of Suvorov.

A little more than a year of fighting... you don’t understand what it is now, you wouldn’t have lived a day there, in that war.

People gave Salavat Yulaev not only food and the best horses, they gave their sons to the voluntary militia, although fathers and mothers knew that they were giving their children to die in battle. To fight for your native lands, and not at random. He never lost a single battle with Suvorov’s troops. The losses were severe, but Suvorov always won.

I’ll digress into the details about the Bashkirs, into what I was able to find out myself. I could be wrong. Although I know that no one wrote like that.
What I learned from reading a lot of contradictory things and what conclusions I myself made and what I want to say most importantly is what I’m sharing.

Nowadays it is customary to use a prefix term when talking about the tribes of the 10th century of Rus' - “proto” (proto-Slavs, proto-Bashkirs, proto-Bulgars, proto-Kazakhs).
The Bashkirs are a union of many different independent tribes who have always lived in good neighborliness with the Bulgars and with the tribes up to the Tobol and Irtysh. In the caves of the Bashkirs there are drawings of dinosaurs.
Eastern historians mention the Bashkirs centuries before the mythical personality described under the name Rurik. Wow, European traders sent to study the trade routes of Rus'-Tartaria and forever forgot someone in their writings when they wrote about the first Russian princes - about the warriors who guarded the princes, about the warriors in hats with fox tails. From time immemorial, only Bashkir warriors wore fox tails in their hats without the iron helmets of the Russians. (Salavat Yulaev has fox tails on Tavasiev’s monument.) That is, the khan-princes knew the Bashkir khans, they knew each other very well.
Excavations carried out today in Ufa have shown that Ufa existed as a settlement-city already in the 5th century. They just destroyed it more than once. This is not a stone city, which the nomadic Bashkirs did not need. The city of Ufa = a winter camp where people gathered and a strategic point. And he recovered again more than once. The city stands on a mountain and is surrounded by three rivers and forests that were impassable at that time. Try for the enemy to just come unnoticed. We met some with sabers, others with friendship.
And what about the envoys of European traders there and before Rurik, in those lands that began beyond the Bulgar land (from present-day Tataria) to Tobol and Irtysh - there was no life there? Funny. The Europeans sent their spies to Rus' and the Volga lands and Trans-Urals, where they could walk safely, they actually somehow didn’t kill these spies while they were roaming around there, although they wrote about themselves that they were given guards when they were really deep in the forest they wanted to come in, but they wrote that they say, sorry, princes don’t go to piss alone. So these are the European spies, when they went out into the forest, they were guarded by soldiers, so that the European spies not only did not piss themselves from fear, but also did not shit themselves at all and survived along the way. They - well, what should we think about them, the bastards, if they described the Russian bathhouse as brutal torture. We take a piss, if we get impatient on the road, then we go out together, so what?

Why didn’t the thief and robber Ermak and his daring thieves go to war with the Bashkirs? Was it on his way through the Bashkir lands to Siberia? The Bashkirs, like the Siberian tribes, were also then a weakened Nogai Khanate, where the Bashkirs were hired by the khans as warriors and the best. Yes, Ermak and his thieves would have disappeared immediately and history would not have been written about him if he had gone to war with the Bashkirs. Ermak did not dare to approach the Bashkirs. He began to steal in the Tyumen lands, weakened by constant destructive attacks-wars with Asians - the khans of the Uzbeks, Turkmen, Tajiks, Kyrgyz and others. They are nothing to you now. Then the warriors and attackers cruelly and mercilessly did not leave anyone alive.
Know that Siberian warriors and Bashkir warriors finished off the thief and robber Ermak, who went to steal and kill among his Tyumen neighbors - they finished him off. There was a fight, but not like in a Soviet film from the artist.
They buried this one like a warrior. Nobody knows where, so as not to disturb. And films and texts about Ermak are so shitty, beautiful things were created under the USSR about a thief and a robber to agitate pioneers and the faint-hearted.

What did Razin do? Your interests are personal. Skillfully. Like a godfather. Incited. But I wasn’t smart enough to win. Known only for the fact that he killed his not a slave, but his lawful wife. He killed his wife to the delight of the creatures.

What did Pugachev do? Your interests are personal. Skillfully. Like a godfather. Incited. Many people died. But I wasn’t smart enough to win.

Bashkir tribes:
ancient Bashkir (burzyan, uran, yumran, yagalbai, etc.),
early Finno-Ugric-Samoyedic (Syzgy, Kalser, Tersyak, Upey, Uvanysh, etc.),
Bulgaro-Magyar (Yurmaty, Bulyar, Tanyp, etc.) - Bulgars,
Oguz-Kypchak (Ayle, Sart, Istyak),
Kipchak (kanly, koshsy, salut, badrak, min, mirkit, etc.),
Nogai (Nogai-Burzyan, Nogai-Yurmatians),
layer associated with ethnic interaction with the peoples of the Volga-Ural region and Central Asia (Tatars, Kazakhs, Kalmyks, Karakalpaks, etc.)
(http://traditio-ru.org/wiki/Bashkirs)

Take a little closer look at this listing. That is, the Bashkir lands were inhabited then by Kipchaks, Bulgars (Tatars), Finno-Ugrians, Oguzes, Siberian Nogais, Kazakh tribes. There was also a strong tribal connection with the Kipchaks. The same ones that Batu had were the main force against the Polovtsians. Those who, with their lives, destroyed this two-century-old death dance in Rus'. Something will become clearer to you when you read the intricate and contradictory studies of different historians. For example, about the "Tatar-Mongols", which did not exist. There were others - the Kipchaks - but with two campaigns, two winters, they inevitably finished off the Polovtsians forever.

There was a campaign of the Kipchaks and Bulgars with Batu not against Rus', but against the Polovtsians. They scattered all the Polovtsians by war and immediately returned home. But losses in the war against the Polovtsy were among the Bashkirs and Bulgars, and the Kazakhs were very cruel. The Kipchaks destroyed skilled warriors, just as skilled as they were, the Polovtsians, with their lives, whom the Russian princes with their troops could not destroy for two centuries, became related to them.

Have you ever wondered why Ivan IV (the Terrible) then did not conquer, but formalized an alliance with the Bashkir state with rich gifts, and not with tribes, such as wild Indians?
Why did Ivan the Wise build a fortress there in Ufa? Yes, from attacks by Asians. Orenburg put the same thing - there was Bashkir land, but Asians attacked it. Or did you not know about it?

I write about the Bashkirs. These tribes are the pride of the Bashkirs, they are known, but not shown off. The descendants of those “proto-Bashkirs” still live. They live openly and friendly, accepting others.

Many Bashkir people were destroyed by attackers from Asia.

Some of the Bashkir tribes are just a few villages today, but they are precisely those who are known in the history of Rus' as the wing of the Pechenegs, as the shock wing of the Chingizids, who destroyed the irrepressible Polovtsians in Rus', as the shock warriors of Kutuzov, who came to Paris. These are also those warriors who laid down their lives in the war against the Nazis. These are those who especially loved to be sent to Afghanistan, where they fought and built schools and kindergartens for children. They built schools and died. They themselves told me, having been there, that the kind Uzbeks, Tajiks, and Kyrgyz did not build anything there then and did not particularly go into battle or help - they lived separately, in their own “circles.” Those peers who were there from Ufa told me so. Bashkir boys and adult policemen were sent to slaughter in Chechnya. Buried. We met survivors.

Bashkirs are accepted in Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Abkhazia. Accepted. And they invite you to visit now.

If you think that everyone who sits on a horse with a saber is already a warrior, then you are mistaken. Petya Rostov made a mistake in life, described by Lev Tolstoy. Those who attacked the Bashkirs were also cruelly mistaken. They thought that the shepherds were being attacked, their heads continued to think so when their body was decapitated by the Bashkir shepherds.
It’s not for nothing that on the monument to Tavasiev Salavat is with a whip, and not with a saber. The Bashkirs lived in peace and good neighborliness with their neighbors - the Bulgars, Kazakhs, Trans-Ural and Siberian tribes.

So the main thing I wanted to write:

In 1768, the Orenburg governor, Prince Putyatin, appointed Yulay Aznalin as the foreman of the Bashkir team of the Shaitan-Kudeyskaya volost of the Siberian road of the Ufa province. The thieves' colonization of the Bashkir lands beyond the Urals began. The original Bashkir land for the Simsk plant was illegally taken from Yulai Aznalin by the merchant Tverdyshev, so Yulai Aznalin and his 19-year-old son Salavat on November 11, 1773, as part of the Sterlitamak Bashkir Corps, voluntarily went over to the side of the rebels Emelyan Pugachev, believing his promises to return to them what was stolen from them land. (The city of Sim = Bashkir territory was allocated to the Chelyabinsk region by V.I. Lenin.)

Before this, there were attempts to resolve the issue of these lands in court. Were. But the court did not return the land to the Bashkirs.

Salavat Yulaev's father, Yulay Aznalin, fought for Russia and Poland, leading the 3,000th detachment of Bashkir cavalry sent to fight in Poland in 1772 to help the Russian army. Bashkir cavalry under the leadership of Yulay took part in battles along with the Russian army near Warsaw, Vilna and other places. After the hostilities, Yulay Aznalin was awarded a special award - “Military Small Banner”. Yulay passed on the award received for courage and bravery to his son Salavat Yulaev. For Salavat, his father’s award, as a family heirloom, was a source of special pride. Wikipedia.

“In the middle of the 18th century. active factory colonization of the territory of the Southern Urals begins. Such an intensive expansion did not pass without leaving a trace for the indigenous population. The construction of factories was accompanied by the illegal seizure of huge plots of land from Bashkir communities.” Wikipedia - article by Yulay Aznalin.

Suvorov and his students ensured this insidiously - the defeat of Salavat Yulaev. The family of Salavat Yulaev - his wives and children were seized as hostages and the conditions imposed on him were too cruel.
Before this, Salavat Yulaev asked relatives and friends to petition the provincial chancellery and the Senate, “so that the sovereign’s slaves would not be in the service of their subordinates.”
He rebelled - “so that the sovereign’s slaves would not be in the service of their subordinates.”
What kind of class struggle did Salavat Yulaev, a descendant of the people who lived on their land centuries before the mythical Rurik, the son of the people who had never been a serf, who swore allegiance to the Russian people, have a class struggle, besides the desire to return his stolen land, the land to which Chinchizkhan also confirmed the right? and Ivan IV (the Terrible).

Have you ever thought about how the Orenburg, Magnitogorsk and Chelyabinsk regions arose within what was originally Bashkir? Didn't think about it. It was Bashkir.

"Monuments to Salavat Yulaev:

The first monument-bust of Salavat in the republic by T.P. Nechaeva was installed in the open air in his native place - in the Salavat region in 1952.
In 1989, a similar bust monument made of wrought copper was erected in the Estonian city of Paldiski.
In Ufa, on November 17, 1967, a monument to Salavat Yulaev was unveiled by the Ossetian sculptor S.D. Tavasieva. The image of this monument appeared on the coat of arms of Bashkortostan.
A copy of the monument in the Uvildy sanatorium in the Argayash district of the Chelyabinsk region was installed in 2005. Monuments-busts were installed in Salavat (bust of S. Yulaev), Sibay, Askarovo. In Krasnoufimsk, on June 28, 2008, a monument to the national hero was unveiled, which was installed on Salavat Yulaev Street.
The following are named after Salavat Yulaev:
city ​​of Salavat in Bashkortostan
Salavat district in Bashkortostan
hockey club "Salavat Yulaev"
Ice Sports Palace in Ufa
street and avenue in Ufa
street in Chelyabinsk
street in Magnitogorsk
street in Ishimbay
street in Kurgan
street in Kazan
street in Kumertau
street in Belebey
street in Orenburg
street in Sterlitamak
street in Davlekanovo
street in Salavat
street in Lyantor
street in Buzuluk
street in Asha
street in Snezhinsk
street in Donetsk
street in Krivoy Rog
Salavat Batyr street in Oktyabrsky
street in the village of Novousmanovo in the Burzyansky district"
(Wikipedia)

During the Great Patriotic War, the name of Salavat Yulaev was borne by: a fighter-artillery division, an armored train and other units. The Bashkirs took the vast evacuated Rus' and Belarus and Ukraine into themselves during the Great Patriotic War when the Nazis attacked. It wasn’t just the factories’ machines that were accepted. They took people in. And then they ate the snot out of hunger.

The image of Salavat Yulaev is immortalized in Bashkir and Russian folk art, in the works of Russian, Bashkir, Tatar, Kazakh, Chuvash, Udmurt and Mari writers.
Few people know that minor planet No. 5546, which is located 392 million km from the Sun and 200 million km from the Earth, is named after Salavat. The diameter of the planet is about 11 km. The magnitude at opposition is 16th magnitude. The planet was discovered on December 19, 1979 by the Belgian astronomer A. Debeon and named him in honor of the city of Salavat after visiting the BASSR in the 70s. On the territory of Bashkiria the planet can be observed using a telescope.
General Shaimuratov, at the head of the Bashkir 112th Cavalry Division, liberated the Lugansk region from the Nazis. He died there. In the City of Petrovsk, a school is named after him.

These are the Tatar-Mongols it turns out.

Galim Farztdinov

On June 16, 1752, in the Bashkir tribal union Shaitan-Kudei, an addition occurred to the family of hereditary aristocrats-Tarkhans. One of the prominent men of the family, Yulaya Aznalina, a son appeared. The boy received a name meaning “prayer of praise.” It sounds like this: Salavat. By father - Yulaev.

The words and glory of the defendant

It is difficult to say how accurate this date is. We know about her only from the words of Salavat Yulaev himself. It was this day that he called his birthday during his first interrogation in the Secret Expedition of the Senate Russian Empire. In theory, the date should have been double-checked: after all, it was not a small fry who appeared before the investigators then. And one of his closest associates Emelyan Pugacheva: the last Russian impostor who brought the state almost to the brink of destruction.

But they might not have gotten to the bottom of the truth. Let's say, there is another date of birth for Salavat: 1754. It is now that it seems to be considered official - the 250th anniversary of the “Hero of the Bashkir People” was celebrated in Ufa in 2004.

The veracity of testimony during interrogation is a delicate matter. It is natural for a person in a critical situation to save his life: the elementary instinct of self-preservation works. Perhaps something similar happened to Salavat Yulaev. It is known that he began his line of investigation by immediately renouncing Pugachev, who was posing as the emperor. Peter III. Yulaev quickly accepted the rules of the game, calling his former comrade-in-arms and leader nothing more than “the villain Emelka Pugachov.” When asked why he served the “villain” and fought with him hand in hand, he answered: “Out of fear. I was afraid to escape, and therefore remained in that villainous crowd.” And regarding military operations, he stated the following: “Being in the villainous crowd, I did not kill anyone of my own free will.” An excuse as old as time: “I didn’t want to, I was forced, I was just following orders.”

It must be said that all this was said, if not entirely voluntarily, then without torture. The famous 175 lashes with a whip, branding with a hot iron and tearing out of the nostrils were already part of the punishment: the threshold of indefinite hard labor. During the 339 days of the investigation, ordinary but repeated interrogations and confrontations were used. The latter were necessary for final exposure. According to investigators and according to the head of the Secret Chancellery Stepan Sheshkovsky, Salavat Yulaev was, if not a tough nut to crack, then a master of dodging: “He is stubborn about direct recognition, but very quick and clever in evading it.”

It was the confrontations that showed the validity of the suspicions of the head of the Secret Chancellery. Salavat Yulaev turned out to be not at all a downtrodden executor of the will of the “villain Pugachov,” but a very active figure who showed himself primarily in punitive operations.

Loud ruin

Here are just a few reports about the combat path of Salavat Yulaev’s detachments, which were subsequently confirmed by him in confrontations. Lieutenant General writes Ivan Dekolong:“The Bashkirs are all in general rebellion and in many places, being in large crowds near lakes and rivers, they are sending out their parties to ruin Russian residences and kill many people.”

Here is the report of the collegiate assessor Ivan Myasnikov:“The rebellious Bashkirs burned down every factory building and peasant houses. The artisans and working people, except those who escaped from their villainous hands by leaving, were beaten to death, taking with them and their young children, they were driven like cattle into distant forests and into their Bashkir nomadic camps.”

Here is a private letter to Moscow: “Kaslinskaya and Kashtymskaya Mr. Nikita Nikitich Demidov The Bashkirs burned down all these factories, both the plant and the village, and what they did to the people is unheard of here.”

Another document speaks in detail about the destruction of the Simsk plant (now the city of Sim, Chelyabinsk region): “That Simsk plant was burned out by the assembled Bashkir crowd led by the villain Salavatka Yulaev and his father Yulay, and the people the male sex was chopped down, excluding those who could have gone into the forests to save their lives... And about the female sex, they tell us that they were gathered by those Bashkirs in one place and extorting money from them, stripping many of them and committing all sorts of outrages.”

“Salavat Yulaev is a national hero of the Bashkir people.” Drawing by Vakil Shaikhetdinov. Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org

About open clashes between Salavat Yulaev and regular troops, they usually write something like this: “Government units were better armed, and the rebels had to retreat.” The reality was somewhat different. In terms of the quality of weapons, both sides more or less corresponded to each other: the Bashkirs managed to capture the arsenals of some small fortresses. Yulaev's troops almost always outnumbered government troops. The result sometimes turned out to be the same as in the report of the lieutenant colonel Ivan Ryleeva:“While on the march, I met the villainous Bashkir Salavatka, who had a villainous crowd of up to three thousand people, and had a fierce battle with them. But by Her Majesty’s brave warriors everyone was put to flight, and several hundred people were beaten in pursuit, and the villain Salavatka himself could barely escape. Leaving his horse, he fled into the swamp. There was no harm on our part.”

What kind of memory has been preserved about this hero among his fellow tribesmen can be judged by the fact that Salavat Yulaev is depicted on the coat of arms of the Republic of Bashkortostan. Or maybe according to the Bashkir foreman Kuleya Boltacheeva: “When the villain Pugachev was already caught and was under guard, and then all the local villages came into due obedience, then even then this Salavat did not refuse to carry out his crime. And, having recruited idle people like himself, he caused destruction so loud that his name, Salavat, was heard everywhere in those places.”

Notes in the margins about the Bashkir hero

Today, June 12, Bashkiria celebrates a triple holiday - Russia Day, Ufa Day and the beginning of the Salavat Yulaev Days. It was to the Bashkir national hero, whose name continues to cause heated debate, that the Ufa historian Salavat Khamidullin dedicated today’s column for Realnoe Vremya. The columnist reveals the personality of Yulaev not only as a glorious hero, but also as a poet, spiritual mentor and Muslim martyr.

Salavat is the national hero of Bashkortostan. The city, rural area, hockey club, streets and avenues bear his name. Dozens of books and scientific articles have been written about him. However, many of them are guilty of one-sidedness, attempts to fit historical material to contemporary concepts. In tsarist times he was portrayed as a “thief and villain”, in Soviet times - almost a revolutionary, and in the liberal era of the 90s. they tried to make him look banal. But he was neither one nor the other, nor the third.

Russian revolt - senseless and merciless?

Pugachevism was an anti-government movement. How should we, living today, feel about this? Condemn the rebels for daring to express their protest using non-parliamentary methods? But the state left them no other means than to take up arms in order to convey their voice to those in power.

Simbirsk merchant Ivan Gryaznov, who served as Pugachev’s chief colonel, wrote: “The whole world knows how exhausted Russia has been, and from whom, you yourself are not unaware. The nobility owns the peasants, but, although it is written in the Law of God that they should support the peasants like children, they not only considered workers, but even worse respected their dogs, with which they chased hares. The company people set up a large number of factories and so depressed the peasants with work that this never happened in exile, and no...”

In the enlightened 18th century, Russia was the only country in which the overwhelming majority of the indigenous population, and not those brought from abroad, like American blacks, were enslaved. This state of affairs could not but be a breeding ground for rebellion. All that was needed was an appropriate ideological platform. And she was found.

Don Cossack Emelyan Pugachev declared himself “miraculously saved” by Tsar Peter Fedorovich, and the people willingly believed it. So Pugachevshchina, in the words of A.S. Pushkin, was a merciless rebellion, but far from senseless. Another thing is that the ruling elite of the state made erroneous conclusions from the events that took place - they finally mothballed the serfdom system instead of carrying out reforms.

Interrogation of Salavat (1955). Hood. A.A. Kuznetsov

The idea of ​​the Bashkir uprising

“Won’t the damned bastard come to his senses? After all, it’s not Pugachev that is important, but general indignation is important,” wrote General A. Bibikov to the writer D. Fonvizin. Indeed, general indignation gripped all segments of the population: the serfs groaned under slavery, into which they were finally plunged by the liberties granted to the nobility by Catherine II; mining workers are under the heavy yoke of forced labor; Volga region foreigners - Tatars, Chuvash, Mari, Udmurts - suffered from national oppression. However, they were not the driving force of the movement.

The secretary of the Pugachev Military Collegium, Alexei Dubrovsky, testified during interrogation: “The reason for all the indignation and the beginning of the matter was the Yaik Cossacks, who, communicating together with the Bashkirs in the Duma, wanted to cancel the insult allegedly committed against them by the boyars...”.

What were the Bashkirs unhappy with? The rapid industrialization that swept the region hit their interests hard. As a result of direct confiscations and unequal transactions made under administrative pressure from the Orenburg governors, the Bashkirs lost millions of acres of land and forest land. Moreover, the wounds of previous uprisings have not yet healed.

The 19th century writer and ethnographer Philip Nefedov, using the example of Salavat’s father Yulay Aznalin, the elder of the Shaitan-Kudeyskaya volost, described the mood of the Bashkir nobility on the eve of the uprising: “Yulay was a patrimonial landowner, a rich, intelligent and influential man<...>. Local authorities treated the Bashkir elder with confidence; It was not for nothing that Yulay took part in the pursuit of the Kalmyks and went to Poland to pacify the Polish Confederates<...>. But the Bashkir foreman in reality was far from being what he so skillfully knew how to appear to be. Before Yulay’s eyes, Bashkir villages burned, the region was ruined; The land for the Simsky plant was taken away from him by the merchant Tverdyshev<...>. A true Bashkir who passionately loved his homeland, Yulay could not remain an indifferent spectator; he masked his feelings, but in his soul he remained dissatisfied and harbored revenge. Salavat was born from such a father.”

The Bashkirs were not at all mistaken regarding the true origin of Pugachev. After the war, the centurion of the Bala-Katai volost, Upak Abzanov, testified during interrogation: “Knowing that Pugachev was one of the worst robbers, the Bashkir elders obeyed him only being flattered by his flattering promise that he could return the land that had settled in these places and that there would be no masters, but everyone will become autocratic,” that is, free and equal.

Bashkir warriors. Hood. A.O. Orlovsky (posredi.ru)

“Salavat was our hero”

On November 9, 1773, near the village of Yuzeeva, a rebel army consisting of Cossacks and Bashkirs suddenly attacked and defeated the vanguard of the corps of General Kara, commander of the troops of the first punitive expedition. At the most critical moment of the battle, the Bashkir cavalry of Prince Urakov, who was going to the aid of Kar, went over to the enemy’s side in full force near the village of Bikkulovo. Among them was a young warrior Salavat Yulaev.

Having received the rank of colonel from Pugachev, he left for his homeland to lead the movement on the Siberian Road of Bashkiria. Here he quickly assembled a detachment and, moving north, on January 12, 1774, took the Krasnoufimsk fortress without a fight. Next he went to Kungur, the then capital of the Perm region, and led all the rebel forces.

At the same time as Salavat, the Tabyn Cossack and Pugachev brigadier Ivan Kuznetsov arrives in the city with his detachment, whose daughter Oksana, according to the script of Yakov Protazanov’s film “Salavat Yulaev” (1941), Salavat Batyr allegedly married. On January 23, 1774, the Pugachevites launched a general assault on Kungur: Kuznetsov with one thousand peasants and Cossacks with six cannons moved from the south, and Salavat, who had 3 thousand Bashkirs and 10 cannons, struck from the north. In one place, the Yulaevites managed to make a hole in the fortress wall and break into the city, but the garrison managed to repel the attack of the Bashkirs. Then there were several more assaults, but the fortress survived. It was during the days of the fierce siege of the city that a song was born among the local Russian population:

Salavat was our hero,
He bravely went to battle,
He put on three chain mails,
And he approached Kungur,
Loaded forty guns
Yes, he shot at the Kungur Fortress.

At the same time, the marching foreman of the Burzyan volost and the rebel chief colonel Karanai Muratov was besieging Menzelinsk and Yelabuga, and the mentioned Ivan Gryaznov with a group of Bashkir leaders, among whom were the elders of the Ailinsk, Kara-Tabynsk, Bikatinsk volosts Isa Toktagulov, Yulaman Kushaev, Bazargul Yunaev and others, captured Chelyabinsk. Thus, four rebel camps emerged: Orenburg, Menzelinsky, Kungur and Chelyabinsk, operating autonomously.

Obelisk in honor of the victory over Pugachev in Kungui. Photo wikipedia.org

Pugachev and Salavat

In March 1774, troops of the second punitive expedition under the command of General Bibikov approached Orenburg, besieged by Pugachev’s main army. Having learned about Pugachev’s plans to secretly flee to Persia, the Bashkirs told him: “You assured us that you are the sovereign, and promised, having taken Orenburg, to make sure that there would be no province, so that we would not be subject to it. And now you want to run away and leave us to the same destruction that our fathers suffered for rebellion, who were executed by death. And so we won’t let you go anywhere until that time, until you really fulfill your promise.”

They kept Pugachev from fleeing, so the uprising dragged on for another year. At the invitation of the foreman of the Bushman-Kypchak volost, Kinzi Arslanov, the “tsar” went deep into Bashkiria, where a new 10,000-strong army was quickly assembled. The second stage of the Pugachev region began. A.S. Pushkin wrote: “The Bashkirs did not calm down. Their old rebel Yulay, who had disappeared during the executions of 1741, appeared among them with his son Salavat. All of Bashkiria rebelled, and the disaster flared up with great force.”

The troops of six tsarist generals - Shcherbatov, Freiman, Stanislavsky, Dekolong, Golitsin, Reinsdorp - were constrained by the actions of the detachments of Karanay Muratov, Kaskyn Samarov, Murat Abralov, Aladdin Bektuganov, Yulaman Kushaev and other Bashkir leaders. This circumstance allowed Lieutenant Colonel of the St. Petersburg Carabineer Regiment I.I. Mikhelson to focus exclusively on pursuing Pugachev. Going to cross him, on May 5 he met with Salavat.

A.S. Pushkin wrote: “Mikhelson<...>continued his journey, despite all sorts of obstacles, and on May 5, at the Simsky plant, he overtook a crowd of Bashkirs, led by the ferocious Salavat...” The next battle with Salavat took place near the village of Eral.

Mikhelson reported: “The residents announced to me that the villains, having gathered in great numbers, having several guns, only a little gunpowder, were expecting me from a village four miles away on the field.<...>. Approaching them, they started shooting and immediately rushed towards my front line. The villains, not respecting our attack, came straight towards us, but with the help of God, after much resistance from them, they were put to flight...”

On June 3 and 5, the combined forces of Salavat and Pugachev fought two battles against Mikhelson, the outcome of which was declared by each side as a victory. One way or another, Mikhelson’s detachment, battered in a series of battles, had to retreat to Ufa. It was this circumstance that made it possible for the rebels to escape pursuit and break through to Kazan. To celebrate, Pugachev awarded Salavat the rank of brigadier, i.e., brigadier general.

“The Capture of Kazan by Pugachev” (1847). Hood. F. Moller (cultobzor.ru)

And one warrior in the field

Salavat did not take part in the Kazan campaign, as he was wounded at Osa and was forced to go home for treatment. The 10-thousand-strong Bashkir cavalry (out of 20 thousand people of the entire Pugachev army) during the assault on the provincial center was commanded by the rebel general Yulaman Kushaev. According to the testimony of Khamza Bayazitov, the Bashkir of the Aili volost, a participant in those battles, at the walls of Kazan, “the Bashkirs were in front of the Pugachev crowd, being extremely cut down.” After the city was burned, the Bashkirs said goodbye to the “tsar” and returned to their homeland, and Pugachev, having crossed the Volga, moved on.

Pushkin wrote: “Pugachev fled, but his flight seemed like an invasion.” On August 24, 1774, Mikhelson defeats Pugachev near Tsaritsyn (now Volgograd, - approx. ed.) and soon the self-proclaimed king is captured. By the autumn of 1774, the uprising almost ceased.

Only Salavat continues active resistance. On September 18, near the village of Buraevo, a Bashkir warrior suddenly attacked a detachment of Lieutenant Colonel I.K. Ryleev, throwing him into confusion: “The daring plan that was made with their villainous thoughts against the troops entrusted to me is harmful, which I never imagined from such a treacherous people, but now I have seen in the present case.”

On September 22, near the village of Norkino, Ryleev’s detachment was again attacked, which he reported: “While on the march, on this 22nd, the Bashkir Salavatko, who met the villain, had a fierce battle, who had a villainous crowd of up to three thousand people.”

On October 18, 1774, the commander-in-chief of the punitive troops, Chief General P.I. Panin addressed the Bashkirs with a final ultimatum, demanding, as a sign of “his true repentance,” to hand over “the main troublemaker among the Bashkir people now, Salavatka.” However, this had no effect.

Then on October 27, the head of the secret commissions, Major General P.S., personally addressed him on behalf of Catherine II. Potemkin: "<...>Bashkir foreman Salavat Yulaev. It is with extreme regret that I inform you that you are still immersed in anger and blindness.<...>. I, being authorized by Her Majesty’s most merciful trust, assure you that you will immediately receive forgiveness. But if you are still hardened by this broadcast, then don’t expect any mercy.” It should be noted that the government did not approach any of the rebels with such a proposal. However, Salavat rejected him. As the investigation later found out, he and his closest associates swore an oath “so that they would remain in anxiety and not submit until their death.” On November 25, 1774, the rebel warrior was captured.

Face of Salavat

The facts of Salavat’s biography and military path are known thanks to archival documents, from which it is difficult to reconstruct his personality. Pushkin described him as a “fierce Salavat.” Much more in this regard is provided by the essays of the historian and local historian Ruf Ignatiev (1818-1886), as well as the Ural-born writers Philip Nefedov (1832-1902) and Dmitry Mamin-Sibiryak (1852-1912), who wrote, as they say, in hot pursuit, when they were alive, if not the Pugachevites themselves, then their children and grandchildren. That is why their characteristics are casts from the image of Salavat, which was formed in the popular consciousness and which, as it seems to us, is closest to its prototype.

Philip Nefedov wrote: “...The thought of liberating his homeland haunted him and called him to action, beckoning him to heroism. Liberate the Motherland! There is so much charming, charming for many minds in this thought; but only a poet, like Salavat, could act as a fighter for its implementation. In his religious and poetic mood, he more than once heard God himself commanding him to rebel against his enemies and liberate his homeland.”

At one time, Mustai Karim and Rasul Gamzatov, folk poets of Bashkortostan and Dagestan, singing the images of the heroes of their peoples, compared Salavat Yulaev and Imam Shamil with each other. However, the idea of ​​the similarity of the images of the leader of the highlanders and the leader of the Bashkirs was first expressed back in the 19th century by Ruf Ignatiev, who, after listening to a number of songs and epics about Salavat, concluded that “he was a warrior, a messenger of Allah and a patriot, like some Kazi- Mullahs or Shamil<...>. Torture, whipping and exile gave Salavat the epithet of a martyr.”

Thus, the cult of Salavat was formed among the Bashkirs back in the 19th century, although he was not the most famous leader during the Pugachev period, not to mention the leaders of the previous Bashkir uprisings of the 17th-18th centuries. The halo of a martyr who suffered for the entire people eclipsed the images of other heroes of the past. Mamin-Sibiryak in his “Privalov’s Millions” described a scene, probably spied somewhere during his Ural childhood: “<...>in the quiet air the Bashkir monotonous song melted and cooled, telling about the exploits of the Bashkir heroes, especially about the famous Salavat...”

Ruf Ignatiev, after listening to a number of songs and epics about Salavat, concluded that “he was a hero, a messenger of Allah and a patriot...”

Poet Salavat

Salavat was a poet, although the originals of his poems, apparently, have not survived to our time. They have survived only in the form of Russian interlinear translations included in the works of Ruf Ignatiev, Philip Nefedov and others. In turn, the named authors received interlinear translations from Abdulla Davletshin, a lieutenant colonel, nobleman and former chief of the 1st canton of the Bashkir army. It is unknown where the texts of the poems in the Turkic language, from which the translation into Russian was carried out, went. Nefedov wrote: “Salavat is a representative of more than just brute physical force. He is a scientist and poet. He knows the Koran and Sharia, old men bow their heads respectfully before the young men, everyone talks about him, and not only the mullahs, but even the ahuns themselves are surprised at his erudition...” Salavat’s poems are imbued with the thought of God’s wisdom, which created this beautiful world, and therefore the duty of a warrior is to defend his native land. The fate of the horseman is in the hands of the Motherland, and the fate of the Motherland is in the hands of the horseman.

I look at the chains of mountains
In our blessed land,
And, absorbing their space,
I know God's mercy.
The sky split with a song -
The nightingale sings in the valley;
Your voice rings like adhan,
Giving praise to God.
Doesn't it call for prayer?
Faithful Muslims?
Leads me into battle
My Ural, my dear country.

After spending 25 years in hard labor in the Baltic port of Rogervik (Paldiski, Estonia, - approx. ed.), Salavat Yulaev died on September 26, 1800. The last lines of the warrior poet attributed to him were the poem “I did not die, Bashkirs!”:

You are far away, my Fatherland!
I would return to my native land,
I am in shackles, Bashkirs!

Snow covers my paths,
But in the spring the snow will melt,
I'm not dead, Bashkirs!

Salavat Khamidullin

Reference

Salavat Ishmukhametovich Khamidullin- historian, candidate of historical sciences, journalist.

• Born in the city of Sterlitamak in 1968.
• Education: Bashkir state university(Faculty of History).
• 1990-1991 - correspondent for the newspaper "Istoki".
• 1991-1995 - editor of the youth editorial office of Republican TV, head creative association"Youth".
• Since 1995 - correspondent of the “Bashkortostan” program, editor of the “Gilem” news organization, socio-political program director, head of the department of educational and historical programs, editorial director educational programs BST studios.
• Author and TV presenter of the TV projects “Historical Environment” and “Clio”.
• Author of the series documentaries, books and scientific publications about the history of Bashkortostan and Bashkir clans. Columnist of Realnoe Vremya.
• Laureate State Prize RB named after S. Yulaev, Republican Prize in Journalism named after Sh. Khudaiberdin. Winner of international and national television festivals.