Spanish artist Pablo Hurado Rus at work

Abstract drawing - An image of an object or a reality phenomenon, characterized by insolation, sharpness or intentional exaggeration of the image being depicted. Under an abstract pattern, the composition of lines, shapes and colors, which is poorly related to the objects and phenomena of the real world are also poorly understood.

Viewfinder- the device used by artists to choose a successful type and determination of the composition boundaries; In the photo, the viewfinder is an element of a camera that shows the borders of the future picture.

Imagine- Imagine, mentally calling objects and images inaccessible at the moment to perceive the senses.

Imagination - the mental process, which consists in creating new images (submissions) by processing perceptions and ideas received in the previous experience.

The border - Imaginary line in the figure (for example, the line of the horizon, separating the sky from the ground) or the real line (contour), which determines the boundaries of the figures or separating the figure from the space surrounding it.

Picture - An image that occurs on the retina of the eye as a result of obtaining the brain from the visual system of information about the perceived object.

Intuition- direct comprehension of truth without logical analysis; judgments, knowledge or thoughts that are preceded by the process of reflection; Knowledge that comes as a sudden illusion.

Picture plane - Imaginary plane similar to the window frame. The art plane is always located in parallel to the vertical plane, in which the face of the artist is located, and perpendicular to the beam of view (direction of sight on the object). Through the picture plane, the object is seen as it will look on paper. In a photographic chamber, the role of the picture plane plays a photosensitive layer.

Cognitive shift - Change the prevailing type of thinking, for example, the transition from the analytical (associated with the function of the left hemisphere) to the spatial-shaped (associated with the function of the right hemisphere) thinking or vice versa.

Composition - Ordinary ratio of between parts or elements of the artwork. In the educational figure, the composition means the correct size and location of the subject within the specified format.

Circuit - Line, defining the borders of the figures or separating the figure from the space.

A-mode - The method of recycling information about reality, in which linear, analytical, verbal and logical modes of thinking are involved.

Left hemisphere - Left half of the brain. It is the prevailing hemisphere from most right-handers and is responsible for the abstract-logical (verbal) thinking.

Leopard - the prevailing use of the left hand for drawing and writing; Lefts make up approximately 10% of all people. In this case, the dominant hemispheres for the left, as for the right hand, may be the left hemisphere.

Eye line - Imaginary line in the portrait, which divides the head in half horizontally. On this line there are eyes. In the landscape under the eye line, the horizon line is meant.

Negative space - space around the objects of the drawing. The boundaries of the negative space coincide with the borders of the working surface. The internal boundaries of the negative space may coincide with the boundaries of the pattern objects.

Determination of proportions - Checking the ratio of elements or parts of the shape with each other with the help of submitted items (most often used a conventional pencil held on the elongated hand). In this way, the position of one part of the pattern is determined relative to the other, the size of the angles with respect to the horizontal or vertical, as well as the dimensions of the pattern parts relative to the main element.

Main element - the initial element or part of the composition, which helps to maintain the correct proportions in operation. When calculating proportions, the main element is always taken per unit.

P-mode - The method of recycling information about reality, in which the visual, spatial-shaped mode of thinking is involved. This thinking mode is responsible for simultaneous perception and assessment of the object and is focused on interacting with experience and with relevant events.

Cross stroke - Method for creating a tone or volume with continuous lines conducted in two or more directions.

Perspective and proportion - An image of objects on the plane in accordance with those apparent abbreviations of their size, changes in the outlines of the shape and black and related relations, which are observed in nature. In a narrower sense, the perspective is called an image constructed on a horizontal or vertical plane, and the proportion is the ratio between the parts of the pattern.

Right hemisphere - The right half of the brain. Most of the right-handed right hemisphere is responsible for the perception of color, comparing the size and perspective of objects.

Rakurs - The position of the depicted object in the future, with a sharp shortening of parts removed from the foreground.

Realism in painting - The desire as much as possible and objectively convey reality. Sometimes used as a replacement of the term "naturalism".

Light - Observed on the surface of the object the distribution of illumination creating the brightness scale. The following lighting elements distinguish: light, falling shadow, reflex and own shadow.

Symbolic system - In painting - a set of characters consistently used to create an image, for example, face or shapes. Symbols are usually interrelated, so the use of one character entails the next (like associations arising from writing familiar words). The symbolic system in drawing is usually formed in childhood and, as a rule, remains constant throughout life, unless not working on its change is purposefully.

Consciousness - The ability to perceive objects, people and the world around. Founded in meaning in words will be "vision" or "knowledge".

Stephele hardness. Pencils differ in the hardness of the stylus, which, as a rule, is indicated on the pencil and is indicated by letters. T (or n - from the English Hard) is solid, m (or in - from the English. Black) - soft. Pencil of medium hardness (firm-soft) will be marked with TM or HB letters. Further division occurs in this way: the pencil with the mark 8H will be the most solid, and 8V is the most mild. Intermediate values \u200b\u200bwill be, for example, such as: 6H, 4N, 2N, NV, 2B, 4V, 6B. Unlike Europe and Russia, a numerical scale is used to indicate the hardness, so the simple pencil of the standard HB hardness in America will be marked as 2 or 2B.

Type of thinking - type of mental activity; Depending on the predominant hemisphere, abstract logical (or verbal) and spatial-shaped thinking are isolated.

Format - may mean the form of a sheet for drawing (rectangular, square, triangular and so on) or the ratio of the length and width of the rectangular sheet.

Color characteristics - Svetlota and brightness of color. Any color with the maximum reduction of brightness becomes black, and with the maximum increase in the light, it becomes white.

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Abris - Linear outlines of the figure of the figure, its contour.

Abstract art - One of the formalistic directions in the visual art, which emerged at the end of the XIX - early XX centuries. Abstractionists abandoned the image of objects and phenomena of the objective world (hence another name of abstractionism is impressive art). Their creativity is an attempt to express their feelings and thoughts through the color combinations of stains or lines themselves, without an image of real objects and objects. Abstractionists abandoned the drawing, prospects, flavor and all other funds of the art of painting art. This violated the professional bases of painting, destroyed her genuine artistic possibilities. Abstractionism urges the aesthetic tastes of people, leads them from understanding the beauty of nature and life.

Adaptation - The property of the eye is adapted to certain lighting conditions. Distinguish adaptation to light, darkness, as well as color. The latter feature lies in the adaptability of the eye not to notice the color of lighting on the items.

Under the conditions of twilight and in general, the nerve endings (photoreceptors), called chopsticks, are most sensitive to light lighting. With their help, the eyes perceives black and white gradations. With strong lighting in the daytime, other photoreceptors are more sensitive - kolkovka, with which the color is perceived. When adapting to the light, the sensitivity of the vision is reduced, and when adapting the darkness increases. When the eye adapts to the dark, we begin to disassemble the details of the landscape. Due to the increase in the sensitivity of the eye to the dark on a cloudy day and at twilight, a novice artist loses sight of the presentation of the overall illumination, which in these conditions is much weaker than in a sunny or bright gray day. In the twilight, bright items do not seem to be so low as the illumination has become below the previous daylight. He also notices also more closest tone relationships characteristic of twilight and gray day. In addition, despite the darkening, a novice artist distinguishes in nature (or shadows) very thin gradations of lighting on objects and allows excessive motionlessness and fragility. Thus, he initially not able to accurately assess and transmit the actual changes in the lightweight and colors that occur in nature.

Adaptation is based on various changes in the illumination force in our eye. So, for example, the pupil is reduced by 1-2 mm, in view of which little light passes into the eye. In the dark it expands 8-10 mm, passing a lot of light. Knowing that the pupil area is proportional to the square of the diameter, it is possible to establish that if the pupil is doubled, the amount of light passed by it increases four times; If the pupil increases four times, the amount of light passed by them increases 16 times. This partly consists of the reason that we differ in the twilight the main reflective relationships. The pupil reflex on the light and darkness, thus compensates for some degree of illumination.

Academism - The estimated term attributable to those directions in art, whose representatives are entirely focused on established artistic authorities, believe the progress of contemporary art is not in livelihood with life, but in the greatest approaching it to ideals and forms of art of past epochs, and defend absolute, independent From the place and time, the norms of the beautiful. Historically, Academism is associated with the activities of academies, raising young artists in the spirit of the ungraining samples of antiquity art and Italian revival. Burning for the first time in the Bologna Academy of the XVI century, this tendency has been widely developed in the subsequent time academies; It was also peculiar to the Russian Academy of Arts in the XIX century, which caused the struggle with the Academy of Advanced Artists-Realists. Canonizing classic methods and plots, Akademism fell rooted art from modern times, announcing it "low", "low", unworthy of "high" art.

The concept of Academism cannot be identified with all the activities of artistic academies of the past. There were many advantages in the academic education system. In particular, based on a long tradition, a high culture of the drawing, which was one of the strongests of academic education.

Watercolor paints - Water-adhesive from finely broken pigments mixed with gum, dextrin, glycerin, sometimes with honey or sugar syrup; Dry is available - in the form of tiles, half-one - in porcelain cups or semi-liquid - in tubes.

Watercolor can be written on dry or raw paper at once, in full strength of color and you can work with lescing, gradually specifying the color ratios of nature. It is necessary to know that the watercolor does not endure corrections, tortifications, numerous repeated registration with mixed paints.

Often, painters use watercolor technique in combination with other materials: gouache, tempera, coal. However, in this case, the main qualities of watercolor painting are lost - saturation, transparency, cleanliness and freshness, that is, exactly what is distinguished by watercolor from any other technique.

Accent - Admission underscores of a line, tone or color of a expressive subject, details of the image that you need to direct the viewer's attention.

Alla Prima - Technical reception in watercolor or oil, painting, consisting in the fact that the etude or picture is written without prior registration and submarine, sometimes in one reception, in one session.

Animal painter - The artist, mostly devoted his creativity an image of animals.

Achromatic colors - white, gray, black; differ only in lightness and devoid of color tone. In contrast, they exist chromatic colors with a color shade of different lightness and saturation.

Blike - The element of lighting, the brightest place on the illuminated (mainly shiny) surface of the subject. From a variable point of view, the glare changes its location on the form of the subject.

Valler - The term of artistic practice that determines the high-quality side of the individual, mainly black and white, in its relationship with the surrounding tones. In realistic painting, the material properties of the objective world are transmitted mainly through objectively natural tone relationships. But to alone, to reproduce materiality, plastic, the chromaticity of the subject at a certain state of illumination and in a certain setting, the artist must achieve very high accuracy and expressiveness in the tones ratios; Wealth, the subtlety of the ratios of transitions leading to the expressiveness of painting, and are the main sign of Valera. The largest masters of the XVII-XIX centuries. - such as ve-Lassez, Rembrandt, Charden, Repin - painting is always rich in Valerers.

Vision pictorial - vision and understanding of the color of nature, taking into account the influence of the environment and the general state of illumination, which is characteristic of nature at the moment of its image. As a result of such a vision, the truthfulness of light and color relationships appear in the etude, the wealth of heat-cold shades, their color unity and harmony, transmitting nature with all the trepacy of life. In this case, they talk about the painting of the etude or paintings.

Artistic vision - The ability to give the necessary aesthetic assessment of the qualities laid in kind. Before the image of Nature, the artist in the main features already sees its shaped scenic solution with regard to a certain material.

Stitched - painting on glass with transparent paints or ornament made from pieces of multi-colored glass bonded by metal binding serves to fill window and doorways. The rays of light penetrating the glass acquire increased brightness and form a game of color reflexes in the interior.

Air Perspective - Apparent changes in some signs of objects under the influence of the air and space. All neighboring items are perceived clearly, with many details and textures, and remote - generalizable, without details. The contours of the near objects look sharply, and remote - gently. At a high distance, bright items seem darker, and dark - lighter. All close objects have contrasting light and seem volumetric, all far - weakly pronounced light and seem flat. The colors of all remote items due to air haze are becoming less saturated and acquired the color of this haze - blue, milky-pale or purple. All neighboring items seem multicolored, and remote - one-color. The artist takes into account all these changes for the transfer of space and the state of illumination - important qualities of plenary painting.

Perception of visual - The process of reflecting objects and phenomena of reality in all the variety of their properties that directly affect organs of vision. Along with the audience in perception, the past experience of knowledge and ideas about this or that subject is participating. To comprehend, it is possible to understand the essence of perceived only under the condition of comparison of the observed objects and phenomena with the previously visible (aconus and constant visual perception). It should be added that the visual perception is accompanied by associative feelings, the feeling of beauty that are associated with the personal experience of sensual experiences from the impact of the surrounding.

Gamma color - Colors prevailing in this work and determining the character of its color system. They say: Gamma of cold, warm, pale shades of color, etc.

Harmony - Communication, proportionality, consistency. In the visual art - a combination of forms, the relationship of parts or colors. In painting - this is the compliance of the details in the whole size, but also in color (color unity, gamma related shades). The source of harmony is the patterns of color changes in nature objects under the influence of the strength and spectral composition of lighting. The harmony of the color structure of the etude or paintings also depends on the characteristics of the physiology and psychology of the visual perception of the light and color qualities of the objective world (contrasting colors, the phenomenon of the halo, etc.).

Engraving - Printed reproduction of drawing, cut or etched on a wooden board (wedllow), linoleum (linograph), metal plate (etching), stone (lithography), etc. The feature of engraving is the possibility of its replication: from one board, engraved by the artist, Print a large number of multicolored prints (etampes). According to the nature of the processing of the printed form (board or plate) and the method of printing is distinguished by a convex and in-depth engraving.

Graphics - One of the types of visual art, close painting on the maintenance and forms, but having its own tasks and artistic possibilities. Unlike painting, the main visual means of graphics is a monophonic pattern (i.e. line, light skin); The role of the color remains relatively limited. From the technical means, the graphics includes a drawing in the proper sense of the word in all its varieties. As a rule, the works of graphics perform on paper, occasionally apply other materials.

Depending on the appointment and content, the graphics are divided into the machine to which the works of independent values \u200b\u200binclude (which do not require an indispensable connection with the literary text and are not limited to the narrative, strictly defined practical purpose), a book, forming ideologically-artistic unity with literary or accompanying text and at the same time intended for decorative-decorative design of the book, a poster, representing the most massive view of the visual art, designed to carry out the artistic means of political, campaign, artistic and industrial or applied (labels, letters, postage stamps, etc.).

Grisaille - image of black and white paint (or monochrome, for example, brown); It is often used for auxiliary work when performing a submarine or sketch, as well as for training purposes, when mastering the tone receptions performed by watercolor or oil paints. The image is created on the basis of only tonal (simal) relations of the items of the field formulation.

Priming - A thin layer of special composition (adhesive, oil, emulsion), applied over the canvas or cardboard in order to impart their surface of the necessary color and textured properties and limiting excessive absorption of the binder (oil). If we work with oil paints on a non-head-based basis (for example, canvas), the paints do not fall, zoohnut, the oil from the paint absorbs into the fabric, destroys the canvas and the colorful layer. In terms of the composition of the binder, soils are distinguished: oil, adhesive, emulsion, synthetic. Color - tinted and colored. Soil, as a rule, consists of 3 elements: a thin layer of glue covering the entire surface of the canvas (that is, sickle), and several layers of primer paint, including the thin final layer. The sizing is a thin layer of glue (carpentry, casein or gelatin) - protects the canvas from penetration of primer paint or oil into the fabric or on the root side of the canvas, the subsequent layers of soil with canvas firmly binds. The primer paint lines the surface of the canvas, creates the necessary (more often white) color and provides a solid compound of a colorful layer with a soil.

Primer - in painting technology: the process of applying the soil to the surface intended for picturesque work.

Gouache - Water paint with large critical capabilities. Paints after drying are quickly brighten, and a considerable experience is needed to foresee the degree of change of their tone and color. Gouashevy paints are written on paper, cardboard, plywood. Works have a matte velvety surface.

Detailing - Careful study of the details of the shape of the objects in the image. Depending on the task, which the artist puts in front of them, the degree of detail may be different.

Additional colors - Two colors giving white with optical mixture (red and bluish green, orange and blue, yellow and blue, purple and greenish yellow, green and purple). With mechanical mixing of these pairs of additional colors, shades with low saturation are obtained. Additional colors are often called contrasting.

Genre - Historically established inner division in all kinds of art; Type of artwork in the unity of the specific properties of its shape and content. The concept of "genre" summarizes the features characteristic of an extensive group of works of any era, nation or world art in general. In each form of art, the genres system is composed in its own way. In the visual art - based on the image of the image (portrait, still life, landscape, historical and battle pattern), and sometimes the character of the image (caricature, cartoon).

Painting - One of the main types of visual arts. True transmission of the external appearance of the subject, its external signs is possible and graphic means - line and tone. But to convey all the unusually diverse many hundred-minded people around the world, can only painting.

According to the technique of execution, painting is divided into oil, tempera, fresco, wax, mosaic, stained glass, watercolor, gaishevoy, pastel. These names obtained from the binder or from the material and technical means used. The purpose and content of the pictorial work require the choice of such visual funds, with the help of which one can most fully express the ideological and creative idea of \u200b\u200bthe artist.

According to genres, painting is divided into machine, monumental, decorative, theatrical and decorative, miniature.

Painting decorative It does not have an independent value and serves as a decoration of the exterior and interior of buildings in the form of colorful panels, which create the illusion of the "breakthrough" of the wall, increase the size of the room, or, on the contrary, deliberately comprehensive forms are visually burning, the space is closed. Patterns, wreaths, garlands and other types of decor, adorning works of monumental painting and sculptures, are associated with all elements of the interior, emphasizing the beauty, consistency with architecture. Decorative painting decorates and things: lars, boxes, trays, chests, etc. its themes and shapes are subordinate to the appointment of things.

Painting miniature Received a large development in the Middle Ages, until the invention of typography. Handwritten books were decorated with the finest screensavers, endings, detailed illustrations of illustrations, miniatures. Picturesque technology miniature Russian artists of the first half of the XIX century skillfully used when creating small (mainly watercolor) portraits. Clean deep watercolor colors, their exquisite combinations, the jewelry subtlety of the letter is distinguished by these portraits.

Painting monumental - A special type of painting works of a large scale, decorating walls and ceilings of architectural structures (fresco, mosaic, panel). It reveals the content of major social phenomena, which had a positive effect on the development of society, glorifies them and perpetuates. The elevation of monumental painting, the significant dimensions of its works, communication with the architecture require large color masses, strict simplicity and laconism of the composition, clarity of silhouettes and the generalization of the plastic form.

Painting Stankovaya - The name comes from the machine (easel), which creates a picture. As a material basis, a tree, cardboard, paper, but most often canvas stretched on the subframe. The picture is inserted into the frame and is perceived as an independent artwork, independent of the environment. In this regard, several other artistic agents are used to create works of machine painting, more subtle and thorny color and tonal relationships and a more complex and in detail developed psychological characteristics of the characters are given.

Painting Theatrical Decoration - scenery, costumes, grima, butafory, made according to the sketches of the artist; Help deeper to reveal the content of the performance. Special theater conditions of perception of painting require the records of many points of view of the public, their greater remoteness, the impact of artificial lighting and color lights. The scenery gives an idea of \u200b\u200bthe place and time of action, activates the perception of what is happening on the scene. In the sketches of costumes and grima theatrical artist seeks to acutely express the individual character of the characters, their social status, the style of the era and much more.

Painting academic - Painting made with any educational goal.

Painting in raw - Technical use of oil and watercolor painting. When working with oil, it is necessary to complete the work to dry the paints and eliminate the steps such as submarike, lesing and re-registration. Painting in raw has well-known advantages - the freshness of the colorful layer, good preservation, comparative simplicity of execution technique.

In the watercolor before starting work on raw paper, it is evenly wetted with water. When water is absorbed into paper and dry a little (after 2-3 minutes), begin to write; Paint smears, lying on a wet surface, spread, merge with each other, create smooth transitions. So, it is possible to make a softness in the transmission of the outlines of the objects of airiness and spatiality of the image.

Buffet - Unwanted changes in the drying layer drying, because of which the painting is deprived of freshness, loses the shine, the peculiarity of the paint, darkens, becomes black. The cause of the solarness is an excessive decrease in the paint of binder oil, absorbed by the soil or underlying colorful layer, as well as the applying of paints on a not quite affected by the previous layer of oil paints.

Completeness .- Such a stage in the work on the etude or picture, when the greatest completeness of the embodiment of the creative idea is achieved, or when a certain visual task is made.

"Beams" of support paints - preliminary preparation on the palette of the mixture of paints, which correspond to the main tone and color relationship of nature objects (landscape). During the work in these basic mixtures, various variations of shades are made, new paints are poured. However, the paints are harvested on the palette of the main objects do not allow to fall into excessive timing, they do not lose the nature of the main color relations. In watercolors, these supporting "zones" are made in separate cups.

Sketch - Drawing from nature, made predominantly outside the workshop in order to collect the material for a more significant work, for the exercise, sometimes - with any special purpose (for example, on the task of the newspaper, magazine). In contrast to the sketch, the sketch is very detailed.

Idealization in art - Departure from life truth due to the intentional or involuntary embellishment by the artist of the image. Idealization is usually manifested in the exaggeration and absolutization of a positive start as a certain limit, allegedly already achieved perfection; in smoothing life contradictions and conflicts; In the embodiment of an abstract, noise ideal, etc. Idealization always means a gap with the principles of realism and one way or another turns out to be associated with the ideology of reaction classes, inclined to get away from the truthful picture of life and replacing the study of reality subjectively in shapeful ideas about it.

From idealization should be distinguished by reflection in the realistic art of a certain socio-progressive life ideal, which, being an important side of the ideological content of any realistic artistic image, can sometimes be the decisive principle in the art decide.

Picture idea - The main idea of \u200b\u200bthe work that determines its content and shaped system expressed in the appropriate form.

Illusory - similarity of the image with kind; Borders with deception of sight. As a result of illusiveness, the artistic expressiveness of the work and the depth of its content may be lost, if in the picture the desire for external similarity overshadows the main thing - its intention.

Impressionism - Direction in the art of the last third of the 19th - early 20th centuries, whose representatives sought the most natural and unnecessary to capture the real world in its mobility and variability, transfer their fleeting impressions. Impressionism originated in the 1860s. in french painting. E. Mana, O. Renoir, E. Dega included the art of freshness and the immediacy of the perception of life, the image of instantaneous, as if random movements and situations, seeming impassableness, fragmentation of the composition, unexpected points of view, angles, slices of figures. In 1870-80 Impressionism was formed in the French landscape. K. Monte, K. Pisarro, A. Sisley developed a consistent Captive system. In addition to painters, the sculptors (O. Roden, M. Ros-CO, P. P. P. Trubetskaya perceived interest in the abnormal movement.

Impressionism developed realistic principles of art, but in the work of his followers, the departure often affected the study of the basic phenomena of social really / sieves, constant sustainable qualities of the material world. Such direction of creativity led late impressionists to formalism.

Interior - Interior view of the room. The image of the interior requires a detailed knowledge of the perspective. It is important to find a place where you can get more interesting to compound the image. The finished image of the interior, except for an interesting composition, the correct promising construction, placement of items in space, should give an idea of \u200b\u200blighting.

Picture - The work of machine painting, truthfully embodying the artist's plan, differing in significance of the content, truthfulness and completion of the artistic form. The picture is the result of long observations and reflection of the artist over life. It is preceded by sketches, sketches, etudes, sketches in which the artist records certain phenomena of life, collects material for a future picture, looking for the basis of its composition and color. Creating a picture, the artist relies on nature, proceeds from it both in the overall intention and in separate details. In this process, the observation, imagination, idea plays a major role. The picture in its own way carries a certain ideological-shaped concept, and the forms of expression are visually reliable. Each item, part of correlated with the whole, each element expresses the image. For fallen formalistic directions, a crisis of a plot-thematic picture is characterized, refusal of significant ideological issues and psychologism. Of the paintings, not only the plot is expelled, but also a gap with an object image at all. In the form of an image, the picture becomes free, abstract.

Adhesive paints - Dry paints produced in powders and mixed by an artist with adhesive water. Well confused, they are sometimes used by artists when making reproduction originals as substitutes of gouashe colors. Most often they perform theatrical scenery.

Klechka - A variety of soft gum used in cases where you need to clarify the tone of the tube in pencil drawings. Klyachka is soft and easily warm to fingers; She is not erased by a pencil, and it is slightly pressed to those parts of the pattern, which brighten up: graphite sticks to the whatch and holds it, after it is taken away from the paper. If the brightened areas are very small, the dummy give the species of a pointed cone.

Klyachka can be made as follows. An ordinary gum is placed on two or three days in gasoline (you can in Kerosene), then it is kept two days later. After that, the softened rubber is laid with potato flour (starch), flour should be taken by pinch and its amount to adjust the viscosity of the klyachka.

Colorite (etude or paintings) - the nature of the relationship of all color elements of the image, its color system. Its importantly, its dignity is wealth and consistency of colors concerning the nature itself transmitting subject properties in unity with lightness and the status of the illumination of the image. The color of the etude is determined by: 1) the desiccity of proportional nature of color relations, taking into account the total tone and color state of illumination, 2) wealth and variety of reflexes of the light-air and objective medium, 3) the contrasting interaction of warm and cold shades, 4) the effect of lighting color, which combines The colors of nature makes them coented and relative.

The truthful reflection of the state of real light conditions has an impact on the sense of the viewer, creates a mood, causes relevant aesthetic experiences.

Pussy . Brushes are core, squirrels, bristles. Bristly brushes are designed for operation with oil paints, but can be used in painting by tempera and guah-shepherd paints. Beliches and column brushes are used in watercolor. Form are flat and round. The magnitude of the brush is denoted by the number. The rooms of flat brushes and flushes correspond to their width in millimeters, and the number of round brushes - diameter (also expressed in millimeters).

After working with oil paints, the brushes wash warm water with soap. You can not wash your brushes in acetone: the hair is spoiled from this. Watercolor brushes after operation wash in clean water. In no case cannot be given to the brushes to dry, especially after working with oil paints, put the brushes to the can with hair with hair, as a hair deformation occurs. Washing brush must be wrapped in paper, then it will save its shape.

Composition - Building etudes or paintings, coordination of its parts. In one-way image: Selection and setting of objects, the choice of the best point of view, illumination, determination of the format and size of the canvas, detecting the composite center, subordinating to the secondary parts of the work. When creating a picture: The choice of the topic, the development of the plot, the finding of the format and size of the work, the characteristics of the actors, their relationship to each other, poses, movements and gestures, The embodiment of the artist's plan. In such a composition, everything is taken into account: the masses of objects and their silhouettes, the rhythm with which they are placed on the canvas, the prospect, the imaginary line of the horizon and the point of view on the depicted, flavor of the picture, the grouping of the actors, the direction of their views, the direction of the lines of perspective reduction of items, distribution lighting, poses and gestures, etc.

Constancy of optic perception - the tendency to perceive the subject, its size, shape, lightness, color is stable and unchanged, regardless of the changes that occur with it (removal from the viewer, the change in lighting, the effect of the medium, etc.) - the constancy of the size - the tendency to perceive the size of the object constant, despite the change Distances to it. As a rule, novice ponderosks are not noticeable.

Constancy of form - The tendency to perceive the actual form, even if the object is turned in such a way that its image on the retina is different from the actual form. (For example, a square sheet of paper lying on the table seems square, even if its projection on the retina is not square.)

Constancy brightness - the tendency to perceive the lightness of the object constant, despite changes in illumination; It mainly depends on the constant ratio of the intensity of the light, reflected both from the subject and from its surrounding medium.

Constance of color - The tendency to perceive the objective color (its local color) independently, from the changing conditions of lighting, its strength and spectral composition (day, evening, artificial).

Due to the phenomenon of the constancy, the perception and transmission in the painting of objects and phenomena exactly as they appear to the eye in specific conditions of lighting, in a certain environment and at a certain distance, are a certain difficulty at the beginning of training. A novice artist although it knows that the color changes depending on the lighting conditions, sees it unchanged and does not solve, for example, green trees in the rays of the setting sun. Write a reddish or blue sky to write a complex pink-ocher, how it happens at sunset.

The inexperienced painter seems to be a white subject in all its parts white, the dark item is dark. Meanwhile, in the field formulation facing the light surface of the dark object will reflect more light rays than the shadow part of the white object, and therefore the shadow of the white object will be darker than the light part of the dark item.

While working on an etude landscape, an inexperienced painter does not notice how twilight comes, although the lighting decreased significantly.

The surrounding items can be covered with light different spectral composition, which changes the spectral composition of the light reflected from the light items. However, the eye of a novice artist does not notice this change of chroma.

The constancy of perception may increase and strengthen from many reasons. The stronger the chromatic lighting, as well as the greater the distance from which the subject is observed, the weaker the manifestation of constancy. The ability of the surface of the subject strongly reflect the light rays also contributes to the aconistant perception: light-colored objects more noticeably show the effect of lighting color. Light and color adaptation enhance the constancy of perception. Watching the winter landscape under cloudy weather, only complex gray shades can be seen. If you look at the same winter motif out of the window with illuminated room with electricity, the landscape outside the window will be perceived stress-bluish. If you get out of the room under the open sky, then in a few minutes the blue tone of the landscape will disappear. Similar to this, the zero constancy in the audience is manifested in color illumination of the theater scene; After the warm electric lighting is fading in the hall, the curtain opens and the viewer is enthusiastic with the scene of winter, lunar or other light conditions.

As a result of the practice, the artist acquires the ability to notice in nature due to the environment and coverage of changes in the color of the subject, sees and transmits all the wealth and diversity of the outside world, a great many color gradation. As a result, the lighting will appear on the canvas, the color looks complicated and enriched with medium and lighting. Many artists and teachers performed special exercises, creating visual models to understand the coloristic features of different light states. To .. Monet, for example, wrote a series of etudes, portraying the same object (a stack of hay), and thus studied a color change in different conditions of illumination in nature. To generate an akon-stanny perception of N. N. Krymov, put a white cube, painted on one side of black paint, and illuminated it from this side with a powerful lamp, leaving the white side in the shade. At the same time, his students convinced that black, the illuminated side of the cube, lighter than the white, in the shade. Crimea offered students to write a small cardboard shirma-harmonic, the planes of which were painted in various colors and illuminated on both sides: with one - electric lamp, with another daylight. The rays from the lamp were directed to the sections painted with cold colors, the warm colors were turned to daylight. Students were convinced that the conditions of lighting significantly change the objective colors, and thus released from the constant perception of colors.

The novice painter should get rid of the constancy of perception and be able to perceive the form of the subject, its lightness and color due to the luminous medium, lighting and space.

Design - In the visual art, the essence, a characteristic feature of the structure of the form, which implies the natural relationship of the parts of the form, its proportions.

Contrast - 1) a sharp difference, the opposite of two values: size, colors (light and dark, warm and cold, saturated and neutral), movement, etc.; 2) the contrast is a light-vehicle and chromatic - a phenomenon at which the perceived difference is significantly larger than the physical basis. On a bright background, the color of the subject seems darker, on dark - lighter. Filter contrast is most clearly truded on the border of dark and light surfaces. Chromatic contrast - a change in color tone and saturation under the influence of surrounding colors (simultaneous contrast) or under the influence of colors previously observed (consistent contrast). For example: Green color next to red increases its saturation. Gray on a red background acquires a greenish hue. Chromatic contrast appears stronger when the interacting colors are approximately equal in lightness.

Copy - the process of obtaining copies of a drawing or drawing; It can be done in various ways: in charge, calculation, transmission, redrawing to lumen, redrawing on the grid, as well as with a pantograph and epidiascop.

Swivel - Method of copying without a change scale: The original is imposed on the blank sheet of paper and with the help of a thin needle, all the characteristic points of drawing or drawing are punched through which the pencil lines are then performed on the pumping paper.

Calcation - copying method without changing scale. Cepes are applied to the original in which the image draws a pencil or ink; The working surface of the carting should be preventing it - wipe the chalk powder or carbonate magnesia.

Transmission - Method of copying without changing the scale: under the original or a copy of the paper on the vehicle is placed dry translated paper; According to the line of the original image, they are injected with a pointed needle, so that the translated image is discouraged on a clean sheet of paper. The root side of the original (tracing) can be grave with a soft pencil, in this case the transmitted image is cleaned more clear.

Redrawn on misfortune - copying method without changing scale. The original is placed on the glass and covered with clean paper or tracing; Behind the glass is the light source (day or electric); Translucent through the paper line of the original will be powered by a pencil. There are special copy machines adapted for this purpose.

Redrawing on grid - Method of copying with a possible change in scale (increasing or decrease in pattern) with the help of a coordinate grid paper made on the original and a clean sheet. The image is drawn "by cells". Cells are built square or rectangular. Perverted cells are very laborious and cannot with immaculate accuracy to transfer the line of the original, because it is made on the eye and from hand.

Cabinet (Pastomous) Power Gasket - Execution of etudes or paintings with a dense, opaque, relatively thick layer of oil paint, often having a relief texture.

Krok - Fast sketching from nature, less often a quick fixation of the composite plan in the form of a picture. The term "crook" is lowly consistent; According to the general meaning, he is close to a wider term "sketch".

Cylography - Engraving on a tree, the main technical variety of convex engraving, the most ancient technique of engravings in general. The xylography is performed, cutting out on the board, usually pear, beech trees, those parts applied on top of her gravaric patterns that should remain white. In the longitudinal or edged engraving of the fiber board parallel to its surface, and the work is carried out mainly by pointed knives. The possibilities of this technique are relatively non-sturdes, difficulties are significant (since the resistance of the fibrous material is uneven in different directions). The end engraving is executed on a blackboard with a fiber perpendicular to the surface; Her main tool is Stychel, allows for very thin and diverse techniques.

Unlike any variety of in-depth engraving, woodcut can be printed along with a set on a regular typographic machine, and is often used in a book illustration.

Varnish . The artists cover the lacquers soil to protect them from the penetration of oil from the paints, lacquer into the composition of the binder paint, are applied to the hardened colorful layer of the Yerended further work (for better communication of the layers) and finally covered with lacquer finished works. At the same time, the lacquer strengthens the saturation of the paints. The lacquer film protects the picture from direct contact with harmful gases of the atmosphere, dust and soot in the air. Lucky in the composition of oil paints contribute to its more uniform and rapid drying, and the colorful layers are better associated with the ground and among themselves. The paintings are better to cover with turpentine varnishes than oils (then they are less darker). The lacquer fixes the work performed by coal, sanguine, pastella, watercolor paints.

Shaped color modeling - The process of modeling the subject, detecting its volume and material with color shades, taking into account their changes in lightness and saturation.

Glaze - One of the techniques of picturesque technique, consisting in applying very thin layers of durable and translucent paints over the dried dense layer of other colors. At the same time, a special lightness is achieved, the sound of colors, which is the result of their optical mixing.

Linocut - engraving on linoleum, a variety of convex engraving. The technique and artistic means of a linographic, which is similar to xylography and is often different from it only the lack of fine details.

Lithography - In the visual arts, a wide variety of graphic techniques associated with work on a stone (dense limestone) or a substitining metal plate (zinc, aluminum).

Lithography The artist performs, drawing on a grainy or smooth stone surface with a bold lithograph pencil and a special carcass. Following the etching of stone with acid (acting on uncovered fat surface), the drawing is washed away: Instead, typographical paint is applied, which sticks only to non-stoned particles of stone, exactly the corresponding figure. Paint rolling with a roller on a moistened stone; Printing is performed on a special machine.

Local color - The color characteristic of this item (its color) and not undergoing any changes. In fact, it does not happen. The objective color is constantly changing under the influence of strength and color of lighting, environment, spatial removal and is no longer called local, but due. Sometimes under local color implies not the objective color, but a homogeneous stain due to color, taken in the main relations to neighboring colors, without detecting the mosaic of color reflexes, without nuances of these major spots.

Manner - in relation to artistic practice: a character or method of execution as a purely technical feature (for example, "wide manner").

In the history of art, the term "manner" is sometimes designated by the general properties of execution characteristic of the artist or art school at a certain period of creative development (for example, the "Late manner of Titian").

M.aerity - In artistic practice: the properties of the approach and execution, deprived of simplicity and naturalness, leading to crucial, contrived or conditional results. Most often, manners call addiction to any external spectacular, donated manner and all sorts of biased artistic techniques, to stylizing. The extreme expression of manners gives the formalistic practice of modern bourgeois art.

Oil paints - Dyes mixed with vegetable oil: linen (mainly), poppy or nut; Oil colors from exposure to light and air gradually harden. Many basics (canvas, wood, cardboard) to work on them with oil paints are uploaded in advance. The most frequently used primer is as follows: the material is covered with liquid joinery glue, and when it dries, wipe the pembia, after which the chalk is coated with fine water powder, mixed with adhesive water to the consistency of sour cream. To clean their brushes, they are washed in kerosene, turpentar or gasoline and finally in warm water with soap, squeezing the paint from the root of the brush, after which they are set in clean water.

Materiality The objects depicted primarily by the nature of lighting. Objects consisting of different materials are characteristic of their gradation of lighting. Gypsum cylindrical object has smooth transitions from light through the half, shadow and reflex. A glass cylindrical vessel does not have brightly pronounced lighting gradations. On his form only glare and reflexes. Metal objects are also characterized mainly by highlights and reflexes. If you pass on the character of lighting in the figure, then items will look material. Another, an even more important condition, from which the image of the material qualities of objects depends is a decoratedness in the figure or picturesque stretch of proportional nature of the tonal and color relations between objects. With the perception of material qualities of objects, our consciousness relies mainly on their tonal and color relationships (differences). Therefore, if the nature of lighting, tonal and color relationships are transmitted according to a visual image of nature, we get a truthful image of the material qualities of still life objects or landscape objects.

Multilayer painting - The most important technical type of oil painting, requiring the dismemberment of work on a number of consecutive stages (submarines, registration, lesing), separated by interruptions for full-drying paint. In the performance of a large thematic composition, as well as with long work at all, multilayer painting is the only full-fledged oil painting technique. Until the middle of the XIX century. All the largest advanced artists of the past applied this technique as the main one. Later impressionists and their followers abandoned her.

From a narrowly technological point of view, not related to the technique of old masters, the concept of multilayer painting can only correspond to the regulations on the dried colorful layer (without submarine and lescing).

Modeling - In the visual art: the transfer of the volume-plastic and spatial properties of the objective world by means of black and white gradations (painting, graphics) or the corresponding plastic three-dimensional forms (sculpture, in particular relief). The simulation is usually carried out with the prospects in painting, in addition, with the help of inextricably linked color gradation. The modeling tasks are not limited to the simple reproduction of the objective world: participating in the ideological-figurative characteristic of the subject, it generalizes, enhances and identifies the most significant characteristic.

Modernism - General designation of the directions of art and literature of the end of the XIX-XX centuries. (Cubism, Dadaism, Surrealism, Futurism, Expressionism, Abstract Art, etc.). The main features of modernism: denial of the cognitive and public role of art, its ideas, nation, substitution of art with all sorts of tricks, complete distortion or ignoring the professional traditions of realistic artistic heritage.

Mosaic - A special technical type of monumental painting, based on the use of multi-colored solids - smalts, natural colored stones, color enamels on the burnt clay, etc. as the main artistic material. The image is made up of pieces of such materials well-fitted to each other, reinforced on cement or special mastic and then polished. By the method of the so-called direct set of mosaic is performed from the front side - on the destined place (wall, arch, etc.) or on a separate plate, which is then done in the wall. With the reverse set, the colored pieces are visible to the artist only with turnover, since it is glued with the front surface on a temporary thin lining (removed after the transfer of mosaic on the wall). The first of these methods is relatively complicated and time consuming, but more perfect from an artistic point of view.

Easel - Machine (hence the definition "Stank painting"), the desired artist to support the desired tilt picture during operation. The main requirement for easel is stability.

Monotypia - A special type of graphic technology associated with the printing process, but sharply different from any variation of engravings with a complete lack of mechanical or technical influences on the surface of the board. Paints are applied by a smooth surface with subsequent printing on the machine. The resulting imprint is the only and unique.

M.onommentality In the works of easel painting due to the public significance of the theme of the picture, its heroic pathos, the depth and strength of the embodiment of ideas in the respective images - simple, strict, majestic and expressive.

Sketch in color - Etude small sizes, fluent and quickly executed. The main purpose of such an outline is to acquire the ability to solicitly perceive nature, find and transmit the right color relationships of its main objects. It is known that the full pictorial image system is determined by the proportional transmission of the differences between the main color spots of nature. Without this, no thorough study of parts, reflexes, mosaic colored shades will not lead to a full-fledged picturesque image.

Nativity - Communication of art with the people, the condition of artistic phenomena, the struggle, ideas, feelings and aspirations of the masses, the expression in the art of their interests and psychology. One of the basic principles of socialist realism.

Nature - In the practice of visual art, this is any natural phenomena, objects and items that the artist depicts, watching as a model directly. From nature is carried out, as a rule, only etude, sketch, sketch, portrait, and sometimes landscape.

Naturalism - In the visual art, it is expressed in the separation from wide generalizations, from ideological and leads to the method of purely external copying of everything that is in sight. Beginners of paintings are also sometimes thinking that a reliable image of nature when the transmission of its volumetric, material and spatial qualities is transmitted and there is an absolute goal. Inspection art. Of course, to own the visual letters, technical techniques of picturesque skill need. However, it is equally important in parallel with this to develop the ability to see the reality through the artist's eyes. The picturesque image is not a mirror reflection of nature. "Painting," said I. I. Levitan, is not a protocol, but an explanation of nature with picturesque means. " The painter selects and summarizes in the colorful variety of nature those elements that can expressively convey ideologically-shaped intent. He tries to reveal the essence of the depicted, shows what he excited. This is manifested by the personality of the artist, his worldview, as well as the taste and practical experience in using colorful materials and technical techniques.

Still life - one of the genres of fine art dedicated to reproduction of household goods, fruits, vegetables, flowers, etc. The task of the artist depicting still life with painting by means of painting, convey the colorful beauty of the people around the human objects, their volumetric and material essence, and also express their attitude to the depicted . An image of still life is especially useful in educational practice for mastering picturesque skill. In still life, the artist comprehends the laws of color harmony, acquires the technical skill of the picturesque model modeling.

Generalization of artistic - The ability of the artist to know the objective reality, detecting the main thing that is essential in objects and phenomena by comparing, analyzing and synthesis. The product of the visual art is the result of expressiveness in general, while maintaining the entire uniqueness of the specifically visual image.

In a narrow-professional understanding, the generalization is the last stage of the process of performing a pattern or painting from nature, following the detailed study of the form. At this stage of work, it is generalized by the details in order to create a holistic image of nature on the basis of one-piece visual perception.

Image artistic - a specific form of reflection of reality in a specific sensual visually perceived form. The creation of an artistic image is closely associated with the selection of the most characteristic, with an emphasis on the essential parties to the subject or phenomenon within the individual unique nature of these items and phenomena. It is known that human consciousness reflects not only the objective visual image of the subject or phenomenon, but also the emotional qualities of their perception. Therefore, the artistic image in painting contains not only the real features of the object depicted, but also its sensually emotional significance. Each image is at the same time truthful mapping of objective reality and the expression of the aesthetic feelings of the artist, individual, emotional attitude to the depicted, taste and style.

Reverse perspective - erroneous reception of drawing the perspective, the essence of which is that parallel and horizontal lines in the space pattern are depicted not converging, but diverging; It is found quite often in ancient icon painting, as a result of ignorance by artists of elementary rules for building a perspective (in some cases, a conscious violation of the rules of prospective construction is allowed).

Total Tone and Color Condition of Nature - result of different lighting force. To convey the condition of different lights (in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening or in a gray day), when building a color building etude, light and bright palette paints are not always used. In some cases, the artist builds a relationship in a reduced svetlilt range and color (gray day, dark room), in other cases, light and bright colors (for example, a sunny day). Thus, the artist withstands the tone and color relationship of etudes in different tonal and color ranges (scale). This contributes to the transfer of the state of illumination, which is especially important in landscape painting, since it is this state that its emotional impact is determined (see the tonal and color of the image).

Volume - Image of three-dimension form on the plane. It is carried out primarily with the right constructive and promising construction of the subject. Another important means of transmission of volume on the plane are lighting gradations, expressed by color: glare, light, half, shadow, own and falling, reflex. The image of the volume on the visual plane also contributes to the direction of the smear or hatching, the movement of them in the direction of the form (on the flat surfaces they are straight and parallel, on cylindrical and balls - arcuate).

Halo - a phenomenon known also called "Irradiation"; It occurs as a result of scattering bright light in a transparent liquid filling the eyeball. Due to the increase in the skin sensitivity in the dark, it strongly reacts when observing the sources of bright light (bonfire or a lit lamp). In the afternoon they do not seem bright, in twilight or at night they can make eyes. The color of the sources of bright light eye almost does not perceive, but the halo around the glowing bodies or highly illuminated objects has the color more pronounced. The flame of the candle looks almost white, and the halo around it is yellow. A strong glare on a shiny surface seems white, and the halo around it takes on the color property of the light source. Thin tree trunks on the background of the sky are completely enveloped by the halo, that is, they look blue, and against the background of a yellow sunset - orange or red. When the halo is transmitted in the image, the eye perceives the objects luminous (candle, blonde windows day and night, the stars in the sky, etc.). The bright light shown without halo, an indispensable satellite of a bright light, a tree trunk and his crown look a tough applique on the background of a light sky, the stars without haloe produce the impression of paint recreation, sprayed with a pulverizer on a dark background, bright glare without halo on the background of the jug look like light patches.

The foundation - In the technology of painting: the material on which the soil is applied and the colorful layer of the picture. The most common variety of the foundation is canvas, the tree (it was the most common foundation in antiquity, in the Middle Ages and in the Renaissance Epoch), Cardboard, Paper, Metal, Glass, Linoleum, etc. are consumed less often. In some types of painting (for example, fresco, watercolor and Dr.) The basis is used without special training.

Fucking - 1) Watercolor equipment using very liquid paint or carcass. For the painting of a relatively large area, a light tone is having a paint of approximately '/ * glass of water, give paint to stand out (it is also better to read it) and the brush take the "solution" from above, without touching the bottom of the glass; 2) Reception of paint lightening or removing it from paper using a brush, moistened in clean water, and collect dumping paint with wiring paper (the procedure is repeated several times).

Tonocellular relations - Differences of items in lightness and color: that in nature is lighter, which is darker, plus differences in color and its saturation.

Tint (Nuance) - small, often barely noticeable difference in color, lightness or color saturation.

Etching - Neval or barco etching, widely used technical variety of in-depth engraving on metal. Work on the elaboration of gravyry soil with special needles, usually in the free gear picture technique. The uneven duration of etching parts of images by acids reaches differences in strength and touches. The technique of etching is characterized by comparative simplicity and great flexibility.

Feeling visual - The result of the interaction of radiant energy with an organ of vision and the perception of this interaction of consciousness. As a result, the person receives a variety of light and color sensations, rich color gradations that characterize the shape of objects and the phenomenon of nature in a variety of lighting conditions, media and space.

Palette - 1) a small thin board of a quadrangular or oval form, on which the artist mixes paints during operation; 2) The exact list of paints that one or another artist enjoys in his creative practice.

Panorama - Picturesque canvas in the form of a closed circular tape. Various real butt items are placed in the scenic image on canvas, which create the illusion of the immediate transition of the real space of the foreground in the picturesque picture of the picture. Panorama is located in the art hall specifically built for it with the central, usually darkened, the observation platform. Unlike panorama, diorama is a picturesque picture in the form of a curved semicircular ribbon.

Untrazassed, the samples created by the artist F. A. Roubo "Defense Sevastopol" (1902-1904) and "Borodino battle" (1911).

Pastel - Color pencils without rims made of colorful powder. They are obtained by mixing a colorful powder with adhesive substance (cherry glue, dextrous, gelatin, casein). Work pastel on paper, cardboard or canvas. Paints are applied with strokes, as in the figure, or rub in fingers with the decisive, which allows you to achieve the finest colorful nuances and gentle color transitions, a matte velvety surface. When working pastels, you can easily remove or block the colorful layers, as it freezes freely from the soil. Pastel works are usually fixed with a special solution.

Pastoznost - 1) in oil painting technique: a significant thickness of the colorful layer used as an artistic agent. Speaking with a technical feature, Pastoznost always remains noticeable for the eye and manifests itself in the known non-uniformity of the colorful layer, in the "relief smear" and others. In a narrow, purely technological sense of pastous, sometimes thick-layer painting with a flat surface, in which pastosity can be invisible (corps painting); 2) A special property of a plasticity of a colorful material that allows an entirely produced oil paint to maintain that shape that it gives it a brush.

Scenery - View, image of any locality; In painting, and graphics genre and a separate work, in which the main object of the image is nature. Often depicts of cities and architectural complexes (architectural landscape), sea views (marina).

Pestrot (fragmentation) Images - Disadvantages of drawing or etude, which are obtained when a novice artist draws or writes nature in parts, "in the emphasis". As a result, the form of items turns out to be overloaded with details, their sharp contours, many items and their surfaces look the same by the tone and strength of the color. It turns out that an inexperienced artist, although compared the objects on the tone and color, but looked at them alternately, separately. When the artist has a skill of simultaneous (solid) vision and comparison of objects in three color properties (color, lightlock, saturation), the tonal image of the image disappears.

Spatial plans - Conditionally separated areas of space, located at different distances from the observer. The picture distinguishes several plans: the first, second, third, or front, middle, rear. The space on the plane canvas or paper is transmitted mainly to the correct promising construction. If objects or volumes on the spatial plans are drawn without strict adherence to their promising changes, the color solution is not enough for the image of the space. The transmission of spatial quality images also contributes to the character of the smear (in the figure - the character of the stroke). The technique of hatching of the foreground items is more defined, tough and dense. Paint smears - more pastous, embossed, fractional. Long-distance plans are transmitted by a softer stroke, a thin luster layer of paint.

Plastic - Harmonicity, expressiveness and flexibility of forms, lines noticed by the artist in the image.

Plennery painting - Open-air painting. Actively in writing an open-air speaker has changes in nature of nature under the influence of light and air. Special attention should be paid to the total tone and color state of nature (depending on the strength and color of lighting) and the phenomenon of the air perspective. The determining point in the painting at the Plenuel is the despusting of a tonal and color scale when building tone and color relations etudes (see Tonal and Color Scale of the Image):

Podmuelok - Preparatory stage of work on the picture performed in oil painting technique. Podmuelov is usually performed by a thin colorful layer and can be monophonic or multicolor.

Stretcher. Canvas, on which the artist writes the picture, stretches on the subframe. His appointment is to keep a canvas in a strained state. This is ensured by non-strict fastening of the wooden planks of the subframe. With the deaf fastening of the corners of the subframe, it is difficult to correct the sagging of the canvas from dampness. On the reikas of the subframe make squeezers directed inside the subframe. Otherwise, on the grounds of contact with the canvas with the inner fins of the subframe, the canvas deforms, the inner ribs of the subframe appear on it. Large-sized subframes are manufactured with a cross, which protects them from diagonal distortions and deflection of slats.

Penumbra - one of the gradations of lighting on the surface of the volumetric subject, intermediate between light and shadow (both in kind and in the image).

Portrait - An image in which the appearance of a specific person is captured, its individual features. The art of the portrait requires that, along with external similarity, in the guise of a person, his spiritual interests, social status, typical features of the epoch, to which he belongs to is reflected. The personal attitude of the artist to those depicted people, his worldview, the imprint of creative manners should also be present in the portrait.

Primitivism - One of the formalistic flows in the visual arts. It is characterized by a complete refusal of the achievements of realism for the sake of imitation of the art of the so-called primitive epoch (primitive tribes), the deliberate borrowing of the features of children's drawings, etc.

Registration - In the technique of oil painting, the main stage of the execution of a large canvas, which follows the submarine preceding the lesser. The number of registration depends on the work of the artist; Each of them ends with a complete sieve paint. In the wide and inaccurate sense of the word, we sometimes call the podmuelok, as well as any processing of the already complete web or its details.

Proportions - The relationship of the sizes or their parts to each other and to the whole. In the picture or painting, these relationships are transmitted in proportional compliance, that is, similar, reduced or enlarged in the same number of times. Compliance with proportions is crucial, as they are the characteristic feature of the subject and constitute the basis of the truthful and expressive image.

Proportionality of relationships - The law of realistic painting, which determines the proportional visual image of the relationship of each STIT-Flower Spot of Etude with others, an important condition for the true and holistic image of reality. Our visual perception and recognition of form, coloring, material of objects, the state of illumination relies on their tonal and color relationships. Features of tone and colors are visually perceived not isolated, but depending on the environment, along with other tones and colors. Therefore, the tone and color differences of nature the artist reproduces on the etude, as well as promising sizes of objects, by proportional to the conformity of the image and the visual image of the nature. This achieves the state of the illumination of the etude, truthful modeling of bulk form, materiality, spatial depth and other picturesque image quality.

Painting process from nature Spends a special procedure for maintaining work in the beginning, in the middle and at the final stage. This process comes from a common form to a detailed study and ends with a generalization - the allocation of the main and subordination to it secondary. The following specific tasks are solved in these stages. The following specific tasks are solved: 1) Finding relations of basic color spots, taking into account the tone and color state of illumination (its strength and spectral composition), 2) Flowerone "Stretching" within the foundation foundations found, the color modeling of the bulk form of individual items. 3) in the generalization stage - mitigating sharp contours of objects, muffling or strengthening the tone and color of individual items, the allocation of the main one, the subordination to it is secondary. Ultimately, the entire picturesque image is brought to integrity and unity, to the impression that is obtained with a whole visual vision.

Diluents . For watercolor and gouashe colors, the only diluent is water. Squeezing origin compositions are used to dilute oil paints (Pinen No. 4) or oil refining products in a mixture with alcohol or linseed oil (diluents No. 1, 2). Adding, such as Pinen, in oil paint helps to quickly dry. In addition, to ensure the best grip of the colorful layers, before re-registration, the solid surface of the colorful layer is wiping.

Rakurs - promising reduction in the form of the subject, leading to a change in its usual outlines; Sharply pronounced abbreviations arising from the observation of the subject from above or below.

Frame. The painting created by the artist has a framing, frame. She completes the composition, gives her unity, directs the attention of the viewer to the work itself. Most often, the frame has a rectangular shape, occasionally round or oval. Frequently racks frame have thin profiling, as if steps, descending to the picture itself. They help the eye of the viewer easier to dive into the world of depicted. Artists belong to the frame as a substantial part of the pictorial composition and paint it into bright and dark colors of different shades. There are frames with rich plastic motifs, ornament of conditional vegetable or geometric content.

Realism - The method of artistic creativity, based on the deep knowledge of life and the figurative reflection of its essence and beauty. Realism in painting is based on the image of life in the forms of life itself. The artist is constantly studying life with a pencil and a brush in his hand and perfectly seizes the skill of the truthful image of objects and objects of real reality. Without organic knowledge and generalization of life, on the one hand, and the ability to embody all this in a specific visual image, on the other hand, an artistic image in the picture turns into a scheme, deprived of vitality.

Socialist realism - The method of socialist art aimed at the truthful, historically concrete mapping of reality in its revolutionary development in order to ideological and aesthetic education of people in the spirit of socialism and communism.

Reflex - light or color discharge, arising on the form as a result of reflection of the rays of the world around the surrounding items. The colors of all items are mutually related to the reflexes. The greater the difference in lightness and color between the two located near the objects, the noticeable reflexes. On rough, matte surfaces, they are weaker, they are more noticeable on smooth and more distinct in the outlines. In polished surfaces, they are especially distinct (in this case they enhances the mirror reflection).

Picture -1) full-fledged reproduction of the objective world: volume-spatial modeling, loyal proportions, truthful expression, clearly pronounced, etc. This is the basis for a realistic image of reality in general - by any technical means and techniques. Training drawing is the most important part of the vocational education of painter, graphics and sculptor; 2) the type of artistic graphics based on technical means and drawing capabilities. Unlike painting, the drawing is performed mainly by a solid coloring substance (pencil, coal, Sangina, etc.), as a rule, by means of a stroke and line, with auxiliary color; 3) A separate product of the corresponding variety of graphics.

Rhythm and rhythm - The repeatability of certain composite elements of the work, the special proportionality, leading to the slender, natural coherence. Rhythm can manifest themselves through contrasts and compliance of groupings of figures, objects, lines, movements, black and color spots, spatial plans, etc.

Shine - The element of black and white gradations, serves to refer to the illuminated part of the surface of the objects.

Svetlota (tone) - A comparative degree of distinction from the dark: the farther from the dark, the biggest light is color.

Lights - The degree of lightness of the subject, its tone. Light depends on the presence of other (adjacent) tones, as well as from the color of the items.

Light - natural gradations of light and dark on the bulk form of the subject, due to which both in nature and in the figure are perceived by the eye such object properties as the volume and material. Basic gradations of lighting: glare, light, half, shadow, own, reflex, shadow falling.

Color properties - Color tone, or shade: red, blue, yellow, yellow-green, lightlock and saturation (degree of distinction from gray, that is, the degree of approximity to pure spectral color). In the process of painting on these three properties, the colors of the field formulation are compared, their color differences are located and are transmitted in the etude in proportional relations.

Binder - This is a binder (glue, oil, hawked lime, chicken egg yolk), with which the pigment particles are connected to each other and are fixed on the surface of the soil, forming a colorful layer. Types of painting - fresco, oil painting, temperatures are distinguished by the composition of the binder, although the pigment is usually the same.

Silhouette - Dark on a light background monochrome plane image. Man, animal or object. The term occurred from the name of the French Finance Minister XVIII century. E. de Silhuette, which was drawn caricature in the form of a shadow profile.

Symbol. - An image, allegorically expressing any wide concept or an abstract idea. In the event that the symbol's connection with the concept expressed it follows from the internal meaningful similarity, the kinship between the subject and its allegorizing value, the use of the symbol becomes appropriate and possible in realistic fine art. The symbol is used when they want to express a wide, unlocking concept in concise and compressed form.

Content and form in art - inextricably related and interdependent categories, one of which indicates what is reflected and expressed in the work (content), and the second on how, what means it is achieved (form). The presenter, the defining role belongs to the content. They become a certain phenomenon of life, conscious and aesthetically meaningful by the artist in the process of creative work. The category of artistic form in visual art include: plot, composition, type, drawing, color system, volume, spatiality, black and white construction, etc. It should be noted that the artistic advantages of the work are directly depending on how professionally the artist in using the forms of expression. Without practical mastering the culvary of color use, it is impossible to express the figurative content with paintings in a specific material.

Comparison - Method for determining proportions, tonal and color relations, etc. Properties and qualities are familiar with our consciousness by comparison. Understand the nature of the form of the subject, it is possible to determine its tone and color only in comparing it with other objects. To portray nature truthfully, the artist should create in the etude proportional to nature differences in size, tone and color. It is only a comparison method (with solid perception of nature), it is possible to determine the color relationship between objects in nature, transfer them on canvas or paper.

Stylization - 1) intentional imitation of artistic style, characteristic of any author, genre, flow, for art and culture of a certain social environment, people of people, era. Usually implies free interpretation of the content and style of art that served as a prototype; 2) in the visual arts and mainly in decorative art, the design of the synthesis of depicted figures and objects with conditional receptions; Stylization is especially characteristic of the ornament, where it turns the object of the image into the motif pattern.

Style - 1) the community of ideological and artistic features of the works of the art of a certain era. The emergence and change of styles is determined by the course of the historical development of society (for example, classicism, baroque, etc.); 2) National feature of art (Chinese, Moorish style, etc.). Also they also say about the style of a group of artists or one artist, if their creativity is distinguished by bright individual features.

Dry brush - In painting and graphics, auxiliary technique, consisting of working weakly saturated paint rigid brushes. As an independent technique, dry brush is used mainly in decorative art.

Sphumato - In painting and graphics, the term related to the painting of Italian revival starting with Leonardo da Vinci and meaning the softness of the execution, the elusiveness of the subject outlines as a result of a certain artistic approach.

Plot - 1) a specific event or phenomenon shown in the picture. The same theme can be disclosed in a variety of plots; 2) Sometimes under the plot means any object of lively nature or objective world taken for the image. Often the plot replaces the concept of motive, based on the work (especially landscape).

Creative process (creativity) - The process of creating an artistic work, ranging from the origin of the figurative plan to its embodiment, the process of implementing observations of reality into an artistic image. In painting, creativity is to create a work in directly reliable visible forms.

Subject - The circle of phenomena selected by the artist for the image and disclosure of the idea of \u200b\u200bthe work.

Temperal paints - Water-adhesive paints prepared from dry powders mixed with egg yolk diluted with adhesive water. Currently, semi-liquid paints enclosed in tubes and a yolk, solid egg or emulsion made of vegetable oil with egg and glue are also manufactured. Temperal colors can be written thick, both oily, and liquid, like watercolor, diluting them with water. They dry, they are slower than guashi. The disadvantage is the difference in the shades of crude and dried paint. Pictures written in tempera paints have a matte surface, so they are sometimes covered with special varnishes that eliminate this mattness.

Shadow - Element of lighting, the most weakly illuminated areas in nature and in the image. There are shadows of their own and falling. Own called the shadows belonging to the item itself. Falling are the shadows discarded by the body to the surrounding items.

Warm and cold colors . Warm colors are conventionally associated with the color of fire, the sun, rolled items: red, red-orange, yellow-green. Cold colors are associated with water, ice and other cold objects: green-blue, blue, blue-blue, blue-violet. These qualities of color are relative and depend on the location of a number of other color. Ultramarine, for example, the cold itself, next to the Berlin Azure, will be warm, and Kraplak red will seem colder than a red film.

In the color appearance of the visible nature there are always warm and cold shades. This heat-winding of shades is based primarily on natural color oppositions in the light and in the shade. In nature, it often happens that the colors are cold, and their shadows are warm, and vice versa. The so-called contrasting visual perception of flowers contributes to the phenomenon of testicide: from the presence of a warm color on the retina in the perceived nature, the impression of cold, although there is no impression in nature. Heat-winding in painting is a natural phenomenon and an integral quality of the picturesque image of an etude nature or painting.

Technics - in the field of art: a set of special skills and techniques, through which an artistic work is performed. The concept of "technique" in the narrow sense of the word usually corresponds to the direct, direct result of the artist's work with special material and tool, the ability to use the artistic possibilities of this material; In a wider value, this concept covers the corresponding elements of a visual nature - the transmission of objects of objects, the modeling of the bulk form, the modeling of spatial relations, etc. Everything without exception, technical means should lead to a known, at least a modest artistic result.

Technical means of art do not remain neutral with respect to the content. The main features of realistic techniques are primarily due to its subordination ideological-shaped works.

T.equipment painting - See oil painting, watercolor, gouache, temperatures, glue painting, pastel, Enkauski, fresco, mosaic.

Tone (Without accompanying the word "color") - in the terminology of artists is equivalent to the concept of light color (paints). Any chromatic or achromatic color may have different lights. You can say about the tone within the same color, for example, red: "Light tone of red paint" or "Dark tone of paint." Sometimes the term "tone" is applied in relation to color, for example, the "golden tone of the panel", the "brown tone of the picture". Artists often instead of the term "tone" of color apply the term "Svetlota" or "lighting" colors.

Key - term denoting external features of coloring or lighting in painting and graphics. It is more consumed in terms of color and coincides with the term "Gamma Color".

Tonal and Color Scale Images . Transmission of proportional nature of tone and color relations can be carried out in different ranges of lightweight and saturation of paints palette. It depends on the overall state of the light of illumination of nature and from removing it from drawing .. To convey this condition, before the start of each work with nature, the artist first finds out what the strength of the light and the strength of the color will be light and bright spots of nature on the strength. The brightest and most saturated color in nature the artist can take on the etude or in full strength of the bright and bright paints of the palette, or only half of their capabilities. So it is withstanding a tonal and color scale of the image in which the tone and color relationships of the items of the basic production are reflected.

Tone image - Image with different tone transitions from light to the shade, that is, with areas having different strengths. A typical example of the tone image is a photograph, oil or watercolor pattern in one color (griezail), as well as a pencil drawing, made by receiving tube.

Tone relations . The recognition of the bulk form of objects, their material occurs in our consciousness on the basis of the visual perception of their refloid relations. Therefore, the picture of the picture The artist must reproduce the likeness method. Through the gradations of lighting on the bulk form and the transfer of proportional nature of the tonal relationship between the painting (material) of the objects, the artist achieves the true volume modeling of the form, the expression of materiality, spatial depth and the state of illumination (tonal pattern, painting of the Griezail technique).

Texture - the characteristic features of the surface of the objects from various materials in both nature and in the image (relief of the colorful layer of smears). The texture may be smooth, rough, embossed. The texture of the letter largely depends on the properties of the colorful material, on the characteristics of the object of nature, which depicts the artist, as well as from the task and material of the execution. In watercolor, the texture is largely depends on the surface of the paper. In the texture of the letter, the artist's individual handwriting is manifested.

FAS (AFAS) - Facial side, front view. This term shows that the model (man's head or object) is located frontal, parallel to the plane of the picture.

Background - Any medium or plane that are behind the image object.

The form - 1) appearance, outlines; assumes the presence of volume, design, proportion; 2) In the artistic art, artistic shape is artistic means that serve to create an image, detecting content (see content and shape).

Formalism - general designation numerous *\u003e 1x anti-Retribution schools and directions in visual art: cubism, futurism, constructivism, surrealism, suprematism, purism, Dadaism, abstractionism, pop art, etc. All these varieties of formalism are based on the unnatural branch of art formalism, At the recognition of independence and independence of the form, mistakenly applying for the various combinations of "clean" lines or colors to create works of art. A formalistic image is rudely distorting reality, loses the ability of the figurative knowledge of the world, sometimes turns into meaningless, charlatanic experiments.

Format - The form of the plane on which the image is performed. It is due to the general outlines of nature, the ratio of the height to the width. The choice of format depends on the content and corresponds to the image composition. For the figurative system, the format is essential.

Fresco - The most important technical variety of monumental painting, applying lime as the main binder.

Color in painting. Color generally is the property of objects to cause a certain visual sensation in accordance with the spectral composition of the reflected rays. In everyday life, some one specific color is fixed behind each object or object. This color is called the subject or local (grass - green, the sky is blue, sea water - blue, etc.). In beginner painters, as a rule, the objective vision of the color prevails, which leads to a dilettanic coloring. In a picturesque attitude, it is possible to correctly depict the subject only if it is not possible to transmit the objective color, but the color, modified lighting and the environment. The objective color changes when strengthening and loosening the power of light. It changes also on the spectral composition of lighting. The medium in which the subject is located also reflects the color rays, which, hitting the surface of other items, form color reflexes on them. The color changes from contrast interaction. Thus, the color of the subject is always a mosaic composed of colored and black and black spots (reflexes and glare), and it is called in this case not subject, but due. It is this color that is one of the main visual means of realistic painting.

It is believed that the color in itself can have some impacts on a person. Sometimes they think that dark and light tones create a cheerful mood; Gray and black cause a sense of despondency, etc. In psychology, research is underway and experiments are underway, but certain patterns in this matter are still not revealed. The painter artist does not use the above color signs. The general rule of the emotional effects of coloring on "different cases" does not exist. It is absolutely not necessary to solve the picture in a dark or harsh flavor, if the topic is its tragic or sad, and bright flavor is not required for joyful plots. For example, the plots of Pictures of Surikov "Menshikov in Berezov" and "Barochina Morozova" are devoted to the tragic fate of people of strong will and beliefs. In the flavor of the first picture, dark tones are dominated. The second picture is built on rich color combinations of a clear-air painting of the winter landscape, bright clothes of the crowd, festive "carpet" of color. The nature of the basic plot, the state of illumination caused and flavor these works. Thus, the color of the picture is created by a system of color relations aimed at the image of real life conditions and the situation. Color is a means of image of the volumetric form of the object, its materiality, spatial qualities, the color of the illumination of nature, and only discloses the semantic content of the picture, it also has the necessary emotional impact.

Color unity and kinship of paints. The color of lighting, its spectral composition, appropriately affects the variety of paints of objects and objects of nature, subordinates their specific range. The result is a colorful unity of colors. The truthful reflection of these qualities makes the etude from nature especially truthful and harmonious in picturesque attitude.

Color relations - Differences in the colors of nature in color tone (shade), lightness and saturation. In kind, the color is always perceived in a relationship with the surrounding flowers with which it is in strict interaction and dependence. Therefore, the color relationship of etudes should be transmitted in proportion to the color relationship of nature. This is the law of coloring translating paints of the visible nature on the range of paints of the palette, it is determined by the psychophysiology of our visual perception and thinking.

Image integrity - The result of working with nature by the method of relationships (comparisons) in a solid vision of nature, as a result of which the artist gets rid of such flaws of drawing or etude, as fragmentation and restrut.

Wholeness of perception - the ability of the artist to see the items of the home formation at the same time, all at once. Only as a result of solid visual perception, it is possible to properly determine the proportions of objects, the tone and color relationships and achieve the integrity of the image of the field formation. In the integrity of perception consists of a professional ability to see and "Stopping the eye" of the artist.

There are a number of tips, how to practically perceive the nature of it: 1) at the time of observation, when determining the color relationship, it comes up or "to dissolve" eyes to all nature, 2) P. P. Cleanikov advised "mentally to have a flat glass, it gives Relationships ", 3) R. Falk for the integrity of the vision recommended cutting into a piece of cardboard a rectangular hole (2x1 cm) and look at nature in the plane of this window (the eye receives a holistic picturesque system of the main color of nature, similar to a mosaic of gems) ; 4) perceive the nature of itcho and understand its color relationships can also be using a "black mirror" (if you paint a single piece of transparent glass of black paint, then we will get a mirror in which the landscape objects in a reduced brightness can be viewed. In such a mirror items They are reflected in the same plane in the reduced form, they can be covered with eyes all at the same time. This will make it possible to more accurately catch the tonal and color ratios of nature).

Exterior (In contrast to the interior) - an image of an outdoor type of building.

Encaustic - Wax painting is a lotly specified species of picturesque technique based on the use of wax as a binder. The best in the results and strength of the wax painting method is an antique alcohusky. Its advantages are to be in exceptional qualities of specially cooked wax, which is almost not amenable to time or dampness, never gives cracks and retains its color unchanged.

Sketch - Preparatory sketch of etudes or paintings. In the process of working with nature, sketches are used as auxiliary material; They are developing options for sheets of paper or canvas. Sketches are performed as in the form of runaway pencil sketches and in the material.

Etude - An image of auxiliary character of a limited size, made from the sake of a thorough study of it. Through Etude, the artist improves his professional skill. The main purpose of the etude work always remains the truthful and living embodiment of the pictorial plan, creating a picture. In realistic art, the etude always performs an auxiliary role.

Sketch It is the result of the revaluation of the role of the Etude, it inevitably leads to the depletion of ideological-shaped content. It is believed that the sketchiness is generated by impressionism, which limits the activity of the painter by fluid work from nature, replacing the picture etude.

Effect Purkin - Change the relative brightness of colors when the lighting is reinforced or loosening. For example, the relative brightness of red and yellow, and in twilight, green and blue seems to be strong. The point here is that during the day with normal lighting, our eyes sees through some retinal cells of the eye, the so-called colums, and with very weak already through other - sticks. The columns are more sensitive to yellow and red, while sticks - to blue-green. Another Leonardo da Vinci noticed: "Green and blue enhance their colors in a half, and red and yellow won in color in the most illuminated places."

Select the word you are interested in from the list:

Abstractionism - Obstract in the art of the 20th century, fundamentally refucing from the image of real objects in painting, sculpture and graphics.

The works of abstractionism are based exclusively on the formal elements: line, color stain, distracted configuration. There are geometric and lyrical abstractionism.
Abstractnisme
Gegenstandslose kunst.
lat.Abstractus - distracted

Avant-garde - A combination of experimental, modernist, emphasized unusual, search undertakings in the art of the 20th century.
Avant-garde areas are: Formism, cubism, futurism, expressionism, abstractionism, surrealism, shareness, pop art, conceptual art.
fR.AVANT-GARDE - advanced detachment

Watercolor - Paint, for the manufacture of which uses water-soluble binders, such as guimiarabic. Usually, the watercolor is dissolved with water to a transparent state and applied on paper with wide spots known as the names of the blur. The impaired surface of white paper causes the impression of translucent, and the watercolor stains that flow on one another create tone graduation (John Maren). Aquarel quickly enhances and compact, so it is traditionally used as the technique of sketches at the plenier.

Watercolor paint. - These are paints with vegetable glue as a binder. They are distinguished by an extremely thin trigger of a pigment and a large percentage of adhesive substances (honey, sugar, glycerin are added to the adhesive). Watercolor happens
- solid (in tiles)
- Semi-muggy (in ceramic cups)
- Soft (in tubes).

Watercolor technique - Technique of painting with watercolor paints. Usually watercolor perform on paper with round hair brushes, dissolving paints with water. The characteristic properties of watercolor painting are the transparency and softness of the finest colorful layer.

Watercolor paint can create various types of drawings:
- transparent, based on lescing, without use Belil, and
- Crook, with the use of Belil (Case Technique).

The main distinguishing feature of watercolor is paint transparency, through which the texture of the paper is shifted.

At the same time, the artist uses the expressiveness of the blur and the chapels, which creates the effect of trepacy, lightness and airiness image.

There are several techniques techniques:
Watercolor Figure - Connection of the Lung, Transparent Layer with Pattern Pencil or Feather
"Italian watercolor" - work on dry paper, applying a brush of contour drawing and developing shadows
"English Watercolor" - work on crude paper, for which the paper or flannel is put under the paper, the eraser is used. Paper is tensioned on the subframe and moisturized from the bottom of the hot steam. This method gives watercolor depth and creates a feeling of sunlight and an air perspective.

Aquatint - Invented in France in the middle of the 18th century for playing in the engraving of the tone pattern of ink. With this technique, the adjacent board is evenly covered with a resinous powder, separate grains of which stick to the warm metal and to each other. When etching, the acid penetrates only in the pores between the pores, leaving a trace on the board in the form of a mass of individual point recesses. Those places that on print should be darker are etched longer, bright places after short-term etching are covered with liquid varnish. Aquatinta gives from 500 to 1000 prints.

Acrylic paint, acrylic - Synthetic dye, first applied in 194O-e-years connected oil and watercolor properties can be used to obtain different effects - from prolonged erosion to pastoral smears.

Ampir - Late classicism style in architecture and applied art of Western Europe, for whom:
- Characterized by strict architectural forms: Doric and Tuscan Orders; and
- Appeal to Deresegipetsky decorative forms: military trophies, winged sphinxes, etc.
fr.Empire - Empire

Antiolesis - It is believed that this term denoting new revolutionary art forms has been applied for the first time about 1914. Mapcel Dushan. An example of an antiolesurance can serve as an obscene inscription and the mustache added to the reproduction of the painting of Mon Lisa Leonardo to Vinci. The term also includes most of the historical experiments of Dadaists. Subsequently, the term used the conceptualists of the 1960s for the designations of the artists of the artists who refused the traditional practices of art or at least from creating a work intended for sale. The exhibition of John Baldhesari, on which the ashes of burned beverages was exhibited, was perceived as a typical manifestation of anti-artism.

Art Brut, Art Outsiders - French term ART BRUT, invented by Jean Dubyoff, is translated as coarse art, but is often applied to the art of outsiders. It is used to designate art created by unprofessional authors, but related to the artistic environment - children, mentally ill or criminals (Alfred Wallis, Adolf Velfli). Sometimes it is believed that such art is more truly and directly expresses feelings than many museum works.

Assemblya - The inclusion in the arbitrariness of the art of three-dimensional non-counted materials and found objects that originates in the technique of collage. The Assembly dates back to the art of the beginning of the 20th century, when Pablo Picasso began to use real items in cufist design - for example, added to his witty sculpture of a glass of absinthe real spoon. One of the earliest and most famous examples of the Assembly was a bicycle wheel on the stool of Marseille Duzane, which he called the term Redi-Maid. Later, Dadaists and surrealists built their art on surprising comparisons of non-interconnected objects and images. The technique of the Assembly has become especially popular in the late 1950s when artists, such as Arman and Jim Dyan, are widely included in painting and sculpture foreign materials, including food and a variety of waste. The spread of asum in the 20th century witness is witness to the growth of rebellious moods in relation to traditional art techniques.

Aerograph - the device for thin spraying with compressed air when applied to paper, fabric, etc. A. of various sizes and structures are used to draw tissues, in the manufacture of theater decorations and large-format wall posters, for retouching photoregatives, photo printing and illustrations, etc.

Aerography - Technique of picturesque letter by airbrush by stencil. Aerography is used: - in decorating ceramics; - in the drawing of fabrics and theatrical scenery; - in the book schedule; - In the manufacture of large-format posters. Stencil for airbrushing: - Made in the form of a plate of lead foil or cardboard with holes reproducing drawing; And - placed on the surface of the subject.

Dictionary of special terms

VISUAL ARTS

Abris - Linear combinations of the figure of the figure, its contours.

Abstraction - One of the main ways of thinking. In the visual art - the process of styling natural forms.

Watercolor paints - Water-adhesive from thinly broken pigments. Watercolor can be written on dry and raw paper. Sometimes watercolor use in combination with gouache, tempera, coal. Watercolor paints usually applied on paper with a transparent layer using white paper, and this transparency is the main charm of watercolor. It requires fast accurate work, almost does not tolerate patches, its attractiveness is in brightness of color, light-base, transparency, freshness of impressions. Watercolor painting as an independent technique originated later than pastel technique. Watercolor flourishing has come from the second half of the XVIII century. A. Ivanov, K. Brylov, M. Vrubel, V. Serov and many other artists worked with watercolor paints. Watercolor occupies an intermediate position between graphics and painting.

Accent - Admission underscore, light, line, etc. Some details, subject to which you need to pay attention.

Alla Prima - Artistic reception in painting, when the picture is written without prior registration, in one session.

Animal genre - genre of fine art associated with the image of animals. Animator focuses on the artistic and figurative characteristic of the animal, but at the same time with scientific accuracy transmits its anatomical structure.

Antique art- the art of an ancient era; The art of ancient Greece, as well as countries and the peoples of the ancient world, whose culture developed under a certain influence of ancient Greek tradition: the art of Hellenistic states, Rome and Etruscans.

Architecture (Lat. Architectura from Dr. Greek. αρχι - Senior, Chief and Dru.-Greek. τέκτων - builder, carpenter) - art design, build buildings and structures (also their complexes). The architecture certainly creates a materially organized environment necessary to people for their lives and activities, in accordance with the modern technical capabilities and aesthetic views of society. The architecture also call the appearance of buildings and structures, as well as the buildings and buildings themselves.

Architectural works are often perceived as cultural or political characters as works of art. Historical civilizations are characterized by their architectural achievements. Architecture allows you to be carried out by the life functions of society, while at the same time directs life processes. However, architecture is created in accordance with the possibilities and needs of people. The subject of work with space is the organization of the settlement as a whole. This was separated into a separate direction - urban planning, which covers a complex of socio-economic, construction and technical, architectural and artistic, sanitary and hygienic problems. For the same reason, it is difficult to give the correct assessment of the architectural construct, not knowing urban planning. Almost all famous town planners had an architectural education.

Achromatic colors - White, gray, black, differ only in lightness and devoid of color tone.

Baguette (from fr. Baguette, letters. Wand) - wooden or plastic plank for making frames for paintings and wall decoration.

Baroque - Artistic style prevailing from the end of the XVI to the middle of the XVIII centuries. In the art of Europe. The main features of Baroque - parade, solemnity, pomp, dynamism, life-affirming character. The art of baroque is characteristic of bold contrasts of scale, light and shadow, colors, combining reality and fantasy.

Blike - Element of lighting. The brightest place on the illuminated (brilliant) surface of the subject. From a variable point of view, the glare changes its location on the form of the subject.

Household genre - genre of fine art, determined by the circle of topics from everyday human life.

Valer - In the art of painting a tonal nuance, a subtle difference in the same color in lightness. Valera is achieved by lescing technique. They allow you to seek rich color relationships, the thinnest nuances and elusive color transitions.

Vernisazha (from Franz. Vernissage, literally - lacquer) - the solemn opening of the exhibition, in which specially invited persons participate: artists, critics, people associated with art, etc.

Air Perspective - Changing the color, outlines and degree of illumination of objects as it removes nature from the eye of the observer due to an increase in the light-hearted space between the observer and the subject.

Gamma color - Colors prevailing in this work and determining the nature of its pictorial decision.

Harmony - Communication, harmony, proportionality. In the visual art - a combination of forms, interconnections of parts or colors. In the picture - the correspondence of parts integer, in painting - color unity.

Gothic - The period in the development of medieval art in the territory of Western, central and partly Eastern Europe from the XII to the XV-XVI century. Gothic came to replace the Romanesque style, gradually pusing it. The term "Gothic" is most often applied to the famous style of architectural structures, which can be briefly described as "frighteningly magnificent." But Gothic covers almost all works of fine art of this period: sculpture, painting, book miniature, stained glass, fresco and many others. Gothic originated in the middle of the XII century in the north of France, in the XIII century she spread to the territory of modern Germany, Austria, the Czech Republic, Spain, England. In Italy, Gothic penetrated later, with great difficulty and strong transformation, which led to the appearance of "Italian Gothic." At the end of the XIV century, Europe covered the so-called international gothic. In the countries of Eastern Europe, Gothic penetrated later and lasted there a little longer - until the XVI century. The buildings and works of art containing the characteristic gothic elements, but created during the level of eclectic (middle of the XIX century) and later, the term "neoochik" applies. At the beginning of the XIX century, the term "Gothic novel" began to designate the literary genre of the Romantic Epoch - literature of secrets and horrors (the action of such works was often unfolded in "Gothic" castles or monasteries). In the 1980s, the term "Gothic" began to be applied to the designation arising at this time of the musical genre ("Gothic rock"), and then the subculture ("Gothic subculture") was applied.

Engraving - One of the types of graphics, allowing to obtain printed prints of artworks made in solid material (wood, metal, linoleum, etc.). There are variables of engraving: Estamp, bragrav, glass and book, convex and in-depth. Convex engraving: engraving on a tree (woodcut), engraving neither linoleum (linograph). The in-depth engraving is the cutting engraving performed by steel cutters, most often on copper, etching - print artwork made on a blackboard covered with special varnish.

Graphics - view of the visual art, which is associated with the image on the plane. Graphics combines the drawing and various types of engraving.

GRITAZH (from Franz. Grattage, from Gratter - scrub, scratch) - a way to perform a pattern by turning into a pen or a sharp paper or cardboard tool, filled with inlet vice.

Grisaille - Execution technique and work, made by a brush of one paint (mainly black or brown); The image is created on the basis of a tonal relationship (tones of varying degrees of lightness) - one-photon monochrome painting.

Gouache - Water paint with large coloring opportunities. Paints after drying quickly brighten and need the ability to anticipate the degree of change of their tone and color. Gouashe paints are written on paper, cardboard, work has a matte velvety surface.

Detailing - Careful study of image details. Depending on the task that the artist and its creative manner poses, the degree of detail may be different.

Detail - element, detail specifying the characteristic, less considerable part of the work, fragment.

Deformation - Changing the promotion in the image, is used as an artistic method that enhances the expressiveness of the image.

Diptych (from Greek. Diptychos - double, folded twice) - two pictures associated with a single intent.

Dynothy (In Fine Arts) - movement, lack of peace. Here this is not always an image of a motion - physical action, which is moving in space, but also the internal dynamics of the image of both living beings and in inanimate objects. Dynamic is achieved by a composite solution, interpretation of forms and manner of execution.

Additional colors - Two colors giving white with optical mix (red with bluish green, orange with blue, yellow with blue, purple with greenish yellow, green with purple). With mechanical mixing of these pairs of additional colors, shades with reduced saturation are obtained. Additional colors are also called contrast.

Genre - The concept of uniting works on the signs of similarity of the subject. In the visual arts distinguish genres: still life, interior, landscape, portrait, plot painting. The genre is household, historical, battle.

Painting - One of the main types of visual art, transmitting the diverse multi-fission of the surrounding world. According to the technique of execution, painting is divided into oil, tempera, fresco, wax, mosaic, stained glass, watercolor, gaishevoy, pastel. According to genres, painting machine, monumental, decorative, theatrical-decorative, miniature, is distinguished.

Painting decorative - Designed to decorate architecture or product. Speaking in unity with their volume-spatial composition, it becomes their element, emphasizes the expressiveness of the composition or visually converts it, bringing new large-scale relationships, rhythm, flavor. Decorative painting is a plane painting that should not break the surface plane of the illusory interpretation of space, it uses the conditional interpretation of the color and most often outdoor local color.

Painting monumental - A special type of picturesque works of a large scale, adorning walls and ceilings of architectural structures: fresco, mosaic, panel.

Painting in raw - Technical use of oil and watercolor painting. In watercolor before starting work, the raw paper is uniformly wetted with water. When water is absorbed into paper and dry a little, start writing. Paint smears, lying on a wet surface, spread, merge with each other, create smooth transitions. So you can achieve softness in the transmission of outlines of objects, airiness and spatial image.

Painting Stankovaya - The work of painting having an independent character.

Completeness - Stage in work on the work, when the completeness of the embodiment of a creative plan was reached, or in a narrower sense, when a certain visual task was made.

Sketch - Drawing from nature, made predominantly outside the workshop in order to collect material for more significant work or as an exercise. In contrast to the sketch, the sketch is very detailed.

Interior - inner view, internal space of the building, any room, as well as image of it in art. Under the interior is understood as an internal space with all its elements: finishing, drapes, paintings, frescoes, utensils, etc.

Impressionism - Artistic style in the art of the last third of the XIX - early XX centuries, which has enormous influence on all subsequent art. For their works are characterized by images of random situations, the courage of composite solutions, the apparent impassableness, fragmentation of the composition, unexpected points of view, angles, slices of figure frames.

Historical genre - The genre of the visual art dedicated to the image of significant historical events, phenomena and hostilities, mainly refers to the historical past.

Picture - Picturesque work, independent for its intended purpose. Pictures differ in genres. In contrast to the etude, the picture can reflect the reality with the greatest depth, in the finished and thoughtful in general and in the details of the form.

Colorite - Feature of color and tonal building works. The color properties of the real world are reflected in the flavor, but only those of them are taken away, which meet a certain artistic image. Coloring in the work is usually a combination of colors with a known unity. In a narrower sense, the color of the color combinations, as well as the wealth of color shades, is understood in a narrower sense. Depending on the prevailing color scheme, it can be cold, warm, light, greenish, etc. The flavor affects the feelings of the viewer, creates a mood in the picture and serves as an important means of figurative and psychological characteristics.

Collage (From the French Collage, literally - sticking) - technical reception in visual art, sticking on any basis of materials different from it in color and texture.

Composition - The structure of the work, the consistency of its parts that meets the content, the search for ways and means of creating an artistic image, the best incarnation of the artist's plan. Work on the composition comes from the initial plan, the common "strings" in plastic-visible forms before the completion of the work. At the same time, on the basis of the chosen topic, the artist leads the development of the plot. The compositional construction includes the placement of the image in space or on the picture plane in the corresponding design plan, format and materials. This includes: finding out the center of the assembly of the composition and subordination to it more secondary parts of the work, the connection of its individual parts in harmonic unity, grouping and coented them to achieve expressiveness and plastic integrity of the image.

This distinguishes contrasts and the rhythmic location of the main masses and silhouettes in the picture. In the composite solution, the work is greatly important to choose the point of view on the depicted. When working with nature, the composition includes and searching for a motive for the image, selection and alignment of objects and laying a live model. Work on the composition also includes promising image constructions, approval of the scale and proportions, a tonal and color solution of the work.

Design - In the visual art, the essence, a characteristic feature of the structure of any form in kind and in the image, involving the relationship of the parts as a whole and their ratio.

Counselor - The phenomenon of the perception of the object or object facing the light and perceived in the form of a flat silhouette spot.

Contrast - A common artistic receipt, which is a comparison of any opposite qualities that contribute to strengthening them. The greatest value is color and tonal contrast. Color contrast usually consists in comparison of additional colors or colors that differ from each other in lightness. Tonal contrast - comparison of light and dark. In the compositional construction, the contrast serves as a reception, thanks to which the main thing is allocated and large expressiveness and sharpness of the image characteristics are achieved.

Color contrast - The tendency to perceive the objective color (its local color), regardless of the changing lighting conditions, its strength, spectral composition (day, evening, artificial).

Circuit - Fine remedy in the form of a line limiting.

Koroplastic - Production of female figures from burned clay, wax, gypsum, etc.

Classicism (FR. Classicisme, from lat. Classicus - Exemplary) - Artistic style and aesthetic direction in the European art of the XVII-XIX centuries. The basis of classicism is the ideas of rationalism, which were formed simultaneously with the same ideas in the philosophy of Descartes. Artistic work, from the point of view of classicism, should be built on the basis of strict canons, thereby finding the slightness and logicality of the universe itself. Interest for classicism represents only the eternal, unchanged - in each phenomenon, he seeks to recognize only significant, typological features, discarding random individual signs. Aesthetics of classicism gives the enormous importance of the public-educational function of art. Many rules and canons classicism takes from ancient art (Aristotle, Horace). Classicism establishes a strict hierarchy of genres that are divided into high (soda, tragedy, epic) and low (comedy, satire, fable). Each genre has strictly defined signs whose mixing is not allowed. As a certain direction was formed in France in the XVII century. French classicism argued the personality of man as the highest value of being, freeing it from religious and church influence.

Glaze - Artistic reception in painting, which uses the transparency of paints. Lesseed applied in painting to give the color of new shades, sometimes to create a new (transparent) color, as well as to enhance or mucify color intensity. Lessting is widespread in watercolor painting.

Local color - The color characteristic of the color of this subject is constantly changing under the influence of lighting, the air environment, surrounding objects, etc., in painting - taken in the main largest relationships to neighboring colors, without detailed selection of color shades.

Smear - Track brush with paint, left based on (canvas, cardboard, paper, etc.). The painting technician smears are very diverse and depends on the individual manner of the artist and the tasks, which he in front of himself, from the characteristics and properties of the material in which it works.

Palette knife (from Ital. Mestichino is a spatula) - a flexible steel tool in the form of a knife or blades. Mastichein is used by artists to clean the palette or for partial removal of undecked paint from the picture. Also, Mastichin is used instead of a paint brush with a smooth layer or a relief smear into the picture.

Materiality - transmission of material qualities of the subject with its tonal and color relationships, the nature of lighting, glare and reflexes.

Miniature - The product of the visual art, differing in small size and subtlety of artistic techniques.

Maecenas "A person who loves art can appreciate him and knows him perfectly in it, it can be called an expert. This is a person who patronizes the art and sciences, who invests their own money in their development. And even though this term is known to many, but far from everyone knows who actually was the famous patron ...

So, the patron of the real person's surname. And the name is Guy Tsilenes. The exact year of his birth is not installed; It is believed that the guitance patrons was born about in 70 Don.E. By the birth of the patron, the patron belonged to the highest and most important layer of Roman citizens - the so-called "horsemen". But even among the riders, he was noticeably highlighted by knowledge and wealth. His ancestors are the royal genus of the Tsilniev, the rulers of the city of arrace.

The youth of the patronage fell at the moment of the history of Rome, when filled with conspiracies, civil wars and repression. The Roman Republic fell out, a new era began - the Roman Empire. But among those who fought for power, the patron was not! The whole of his life was not a policy, but art. It must be said that the patron was the nearest friend who agreed on the throne of Emperor Octavian. Whenever Octavian left the capital and went on affairs in the province, he left as the vice-ruler by the patron. And I never regretted Oktavian about it, because his friend was a talented diplomat, a smart and charming person, an excellent companion and generous ... "patron". To his friends (and it was a whole circle of poets, philosophers, sculptors) he helped the royal. For example, the poet Vergilov helped return the estate confiscated in the course of the civil war; Poet Horace 9 Son who bought a slave to the will) presented his own estate in Sabine. Historians are attributed to the famous phrase, which once kept Octavian from signing a death sentence to several conspirators: "Yes, you are full, butcher!" About the power of the charm of the patron, about his simplicity, heartiness and sincere kindness wrote and verses in his "Georgic", and Horace in the "Odach" and "Messages", and the Propertions in the "Elegians" ... to be mentioned in these legendary works - the Great honor! And be their inspirer - a great mission ... (Journal "Sketch" No. 11, 2010)

Modeling - Transferring the form of the form of depicted objects and figures in conditions of this or that lighting. In the figure, the modeling is carried out by tone (light), and the promising change in forms is also taken into account. In the painting, the form is modeled by color, since here the tonal and color side are inextricably linked. The degree of modeling is due to the content of the work and the idea of \u200b\u200bthe artist.

Model - object, image of the image, mostly livenight, mainly a person.

Mosaic - This is an independent recognized type of art. But it combines all the best features of other areas: painting and sculptures, architecture and frescoes. Sometimes there is a feeling that in a skillful drawing plays a certain elegant, barely challenium. This is not surprising, considering that in the translation of Mosaic (Musivum) sounds like a "ministry of muses".

Easel (from him. Not used more Malbrett - a painting shelf) - a wooden or metal machine for painting, on which a subframe with canvas, cardboard or board are strengthened at different heights and with different inclons.

Monochrome - single-color.

Motive - An object of nature selected by the artist for the image, most often landscape. The motive is a tie, determining the moment of color and pictorial-plastic solution of the picture or etude, in decorative and applied art - the main element of the ornamental composition, which can repeated repeatedly.

Sketch - Quick drawing. The interpretation of forms in the sketch is usually distinguished by significant generalization, since its goal is to give only a general idea of \u200b\u200bnature. Sketch often has an independent value, but there may be preparatory sketches for the picture.

Nature (in fine art) - objects of reality (person, items, landscape, etc.), which the artist directly observes with their image. In the choice of nature and its interpretation, the worldview of the artist, his creative task appear. Directly from the nature are running etudes, outline, sketches, often - portrait, landscape, still life.

Still life - Genre of fine art (mainly easel painting), which is devoted to the image of the world around the world of things, compositely organized in one group. In addition to inanimate items in still life, nature objects can be depicted, isolated from natural links and thereby facing things (fish on the table, flowers in a vase, etc.).

Nuance - Very subtle shade or very easy transition from light to the shadow, etc.

Here is a brief interpretation of the most common special terms, titles and expressions encountered in the literature on fine arts, in the catalogs of art exhibitions, in programs, methodological and educational benefits of the Faculty.

Words in the directory are located alphabetically. If in the text explaining one or another term, the word appeared in the discharge, it means that its explanation can be found on the corresponding letter of the alphabet. After foreign words, the brackets indicate the language (in abbreviated form, for example: it. - German, Fr. - French, Lat. - Latin, etc.), from which they occur.

Abris (it. - Drawing) - linear outlines of the image of the figure or subject. The same as the contour.

Self-portrait (Greek - himself) - a portrait in which the artist depicts himself. In this case, the creator of the work and model (see) is combined in one person (see Portrait).

ACCENT (Lat. - Emphasis) - In Fine Art, the admission of an underscore, light, line, or location in the space of some kind of figure, face, subject, image details on which the viewer's special attention should be paid.

Alla Prima (Lat. - From the first time) - artistic reception in painting, which is that the picture is written without prior registration and submarine.

Anatomy plastic - Anatomy section that studies the proportions of the human body, the dependence of the external forms of the body from their internal structure and changes that arise as a result of the movement. The focus of A.P. appeals to the structure of the skeleton and muscles of the body, on the features of the combination of bones and muscles.

ANIMALISM (Lat. - Animal) - Animal image in art.

ANIMAL PAINTER - artist working in this genre.

FULL FACE - see. FAS..

Applique (Lat. - Applying) - an image composed of multicolored pieces of paper or fabrics, glued or sewn to paper, canvas, etc. A. is called the way of executing these works.

ASYMMETRY - see. Symmetry.

Achromatic colors - see. Chromatic colors.

Blike (it. - View) - element of lighting (see). The brightest place on the illuminated, mainly glossy or shiny surface. Usually, this stain in its brightness is extremely sharply different from the total pound of the subject.

Valer (Fr. - value, dignity) is a concept associated in painting with luminosity (see) colors. This term usually denote the subtlest transitions of lighting (halftone), which are determined by specific lighting conditions and the air medium.

Option (Lat. - Changeable) - Copyright Repetition of the work or any of its parts (parts) with some changes. Including: Changes made in a composite or color decision of the picture, or in gestures and poses of the pictured people; in the formulation of a live model or objects; Change point of view on a particular object, etc. In the plot composition, there is a complete change in the image while maintaining the same content. Under all conditions, the option assumes the availability of similarity with the original (see) to any measure.

Stitched (Fr. - Glass). Painting on glass with transparent paints or painting (composition, ornament) composed of pieces of multi-colored glass, fastened with metallic (more often lead) binding. Stained glass - one of the types of monumental-decorative art - primarily serve to fill the window and doorways.

The artistic effect is created by light rays penetrating the glass. They give high brightness in colors and cause the game of color and light reflexes in the interior. These decorative properties of stained glass windows were valued in the Middle Ages mainly in the design of gothic cathedrals. The art of stained glass took a big place in Soviet architecture primarily in the Baltic States. In contemporary art, not only the combinations of flowers are used, but also glass texture.

Air Perspective - see. Perspective.

Gamma flower - The main relationship of color tones (see), prevailing in this work and determining the nature of its pictorial decision (for example, the picture is written in the cold range, etc.).

HARMONY (Greek - Sleepiness, Unity, Consistency of Parts) - In Fine Arts: Combining forms or colors, or the relationship of parts of the image, which have the greatest consistency and in connection with this, the most favorable for visual perception.

The main point of departure - see. Perspective.

HORIZON - see. Perspective.

ENGRAVING (Fr. - Cut). One of the types of graphs (see), which allows to obtain printed prints of artworks made on solid material (wood, metal, linoleum, etc.). There are many types of engraving. The Estamp is an engraving in which the entire process of its manufacture is made by the artist from the beginning to the end personally. Along with this, there are engravings in which the drawing and his retriters make different masters. There are etharavas machine and books. Two main types of engraving - convex and in-depth. In the convex engraving, the surface of the engraving board around the drawing covered by the paint is cut. The places that JAA writing remain impaired are cut. In the in-depth engraving, the paint is filled with recesses in the board made in various ways (scratching, cutting, etching). Special cutters apply in engraving technique.

Types of convex engraving.

1) Engraving on a tree (woodcut). There are longitudinal and overall engravings in the direction of the tree fibers. The end engraving gives great opportunities, more convenient for engraving technology. 2) Engraving on linoleum (LINOGRAVOR) on the technique of execution is close to xylography, but more than the latter, uses expressiveness of large spots. Types of in-depth engraving: 1) The cutting engraving is one of the most common. Performed with steel incisors most often on copper. Makes it possible to transmit lighting transitions. More often used to reproduction. 3) etching (FR. - Strong vodka). Print artwork made on a blackboard covered with special varnish. The image is obtained by scratching varnish and etching with acid. The etching technique allows you to achieve a lot of lightness and freedom of the stroke in the picture. Color engraving is performed from several boards, each of which is applied one defined paint.

The engraving is also a separate work performed in one of the similar specified techniques.

GRAPHICS (Greek - Designed) - view of fine art. It is characterized by the predominance of lines and strokes, the use of white and black contrasts and less than in painting, the use of color. To the city include drawing and various types of its printed reproduction (engraving (see), lithography (see), etc.).

Depending on the content and purpose of the city, it is divided into: Machine (not related to literary text) - machine drawing, Estamp (see), Lubok; Preparatory and sketch (see), sketch sketch; Book and magnificent newspaper illustration; Applied - diplomas, brands, labels, advertising, etc.; Technical-g. Industrial, associated with the work of designer artists.

GRISAILLE (FR.) - Execution technique and work, made by a brush of one paint (mainly black or brown); The image is created on the basis of the tonal relationship (tones of varying degrees of lightness).

Decorative and applied art - view of the visual art. Artistic means and D.p. and. Usually subordinate to the practical purpose of the subject and are due to the characteristics of the material and technology. This art is inherent in a big conventionality than, for example, machine painting. D. p. And. It is closely connected with the life of the people, so it is characterized by the use of folk traditions.

Detailing - Careful part of the details (see) images. Depending on the task, which the artist puts in front of them, and its creative manner, the degree of detail may be different.

DETAIL (Fr. - detail): 1) element; 2) details specifying the image characteristic; 3) less significant part of the work; 4) Fragment (see).

DEFORMATION (Lat.) - Changing the visible form in the image. D. In art, it is often used as an artistic receiving expressiveness of the image. It is widely used in caricature (see), but also meets in easel painting and sculpture.

DESIGN (designer) - see Technical aesthetics.

Dynothy (Greek - Power) - in Fine Arts: Movement, Lack of Peace. Here this is not always an image of a motion - physical action, which is moving in space, but also internal dynamics (dynamism) of the image, both in living beings and inanimate objects. D. is achieved by a composite solution, interpretation of forms and manner of execution (by the character of the smear, stroke, etc.).

GENRE (Fr. - genus) is a concept that combines works on the basis of the similarity of the subject. Works of one J. Reflect a certain area of \u200b\u200bhuman or nature. In the visual arts (mainly in painting) distinguish between still life, interior, landscape, portrait, plot painting (J. Household, historical, battle, etc.).

PAINTING - One of the main types of visual arts. The works of J. are performed on the plane of the canvas, cardboard, pa paper, etc. various colorful materials. A decisive role in J. As an artistic agent plays a color, allowing to give the most fully, compared with other species of fine art, a figurative reflection of the objective world.

According to the applied colorful materials, J. is divided into: watercolor - water colors; Oil g.; Tepeur; Encoustics - wax paints; Pastel - dry paint; adhesive painting, gouache, etc.

In the purpose, it is distinguished by J. Machina (see), monumental (see Fresco) and decorative and applied (see Panel).

Buffet - In painting - changes in the colorful layer, as a result of which a part of the surface of the picture or etude is made by matte, loses the shine and the tempering of the paints. J. There arises from a lack of a binder in the paint - oil that has absorbed into the ground, or from excessive breeding of paints with a solvent, as well as from applying paints to a non-fastened colorful layer.

COMPLETENESS - Such a stage in the work on the work, when the greatest completeness of the embodiment of the creative idea was reached or, in a narrower sense, when a certain visual task was made.

IDEA (Greek - the concept, representation) is the main idea of \u200b\u200bthe work that determines its content and shaped system, expressed in the appropriate form.

FINE ARTS - Painting, graphics (see), sculpture. These are also decorative and applied arts (see). All of them reflect validity in visual visual images. I. and. Sometimes it is called spatial, as they recreate visible forms in real or conditional space. Unlike the arts of temporary (music, theater, theater, cinema), in which the action develops in time, in the works of I. and. In each case, it is possible an image of only one certain point. Still from ancient times, artists seek to overcome the limitations of I. and. In this regard (for example, by depicting in one picture, several episodes from the life of a person at the same time). This also includes "stamps" in icons, triptyths, showing different moments of one movement in several figures or dynamism (see) composite construction. With sufficient skill, the artist succeeds, even by passing one moment, give an idea of \u200b\u200bwhat was before and what will happen later. In each of the types I. and. There are only one artistic agents inherent in it (see).

Illusory (Lat. - Miscending) - similarity of the image with kind, bordering on a deception of sight. Sometimes used as artistic reception. For example, in monumental paintings of ceilings and walls to create the impression of greater depth of space or more significant size of the room. Often, illusiveness is manifested in an unusually accurate transmission of material qualities. Due to illusiveness, artistic expressiveness of the work and the depth of its content may be lost. This happens in cases where in the work, quite serious and deep on the plan, the desire for external similarity obscures the main thing.

Illustrative (Lat.) - Shallow, surface or unilateral reflection of reality in art, the transfer of purely external features without penetration into its essence. I. Arises and in the case when the features of the scene chosen by the artist cannot be fully transferred to the means of visual art, or these artistic agents and techniques do not sufficiently correspond to the disclosure of the topic.

Illustration of book - A kind of art of graphics (see), embodying images of a literary work, its content. I. K. It is also part of the book design, so its features are determined not only by the content of the book, but also by external qualities: the format of the page, the character of the font, etc.

CARICATURE (Ital. - Exaggerate) - a deliberately exaggerated or distorted image of any characteristic features of a person, subject or events. K. serves to ridicule and expose the negative phenomena of reality. Being a powerful arms of criticism, it has a lot of social and political importance.

PICTURE - Picturesque work, independent for its intended purpose. K. There are various genres (see). Unlike etude (see), the picture can reflect the reality with the greatest depth, in the finished and thoughtful in general and in detail form.

CERAMICS (Greek - clay, pottery). The works of decorative and applied arts, sculptures and products of utilitarian purposes made from the burnt clay of different varieties and various treatments. Clay - the main material of ceramics - has high plastic qualities, thanks to which it finds use in a machine sculpture and shallow plastic. Ceramics include porcelain, faience, terracotta, etc. Maitolika - clay products covered with icing.

Ceramics Oblivaya, painted, painted (under-cordical and supervised painting) is distinguished by large decorative advantages and magnificent coloristic possibilities.

Ceramics serves not only the decoration of the interiors, it is an indispensable architectural and construction material and a means of decorative design of the building. In recent decades, it is becoming increasingly used in Soviet architecture.

Colorite (Lat. - Color) - feature of the color and tonal system. In K., the color properties of the real world are reflected, but only those of them are selected that meet a specific artistic image. K. The product is usually a combination of colors with a known unity. In a narrower sense under K. understand the harmony and beauty of color combinations, as well as the richness of color shades. Depending on the color gamma prevailing in it, it can be cold, warm, light, reddish, greenish, etc. C. affects the feelings of the viewer, creates a mood in the picture and serves as an important means of figurative and psychological characteristics.

COMPOSITION (Lat. - Writing, compound) - Building a work, consistency in its parts that meets its content. In the composition solving, the work is of great importance to choose the best point of view on the depicted, selection and laying of a live model or items.

Composite construction includes image placement in space (three-dimensional in sculpture, on the plane - in painting and graphics).

Work on the composition continues from the initial plan until the completion of the work. These are the search for ways and means of creating an artistic image, the search for the best embodiment of the artist's plan.

This includes: clarifying the center, K. K. and the subordination of other, more secondary parts of the work; Combining individual parts of the work in harmonic unity; Sports and grouping in order to achieve expressiveness and plastic integrity of the work.

Work on K. is also in choosing the topic, the development of the plot, in finding the format, and the size of the work, in building a perspective, coordinating the scale and proportions, in the tonal and color solving the work.

DESIGN (Lat.) - In the visual art: the essence, the characteristic feature of the structure of any form in nature and in the image, involving the relationship of parts as a whole and their ratio.

CONTRAST (Fr. - sharp difference, opposite) - In the visual arts, a widespread artistic technique, which is a comparison of any opposite qualities, contributing to their strengthening. The greatest value is the color and tonal K. Color K. usually consists in comparison of additional colors or colors that differ from each other in lightness.

Tonal K. - comparison of light and dark. In the composite construction of K. serves as a reception, thanks to which the main thing is allocated and more expressive and sharpness is achieved.

CIRCUIT - see. Abris.

Cabinet painting - Painting made of dense, thick strokes: its colorful layers are opaque and often have a relief texture (see).

Mold modeling - see. Modeling.

Linear perspective - see. Perspective.

LITHOGRAPHY - The method of printing, in which the print with a flat (irreversible) printed form (stone - limestone) is transferred under pressure on paper. The drawing is applied with fatty (brush, pen) or a lithograph pencil and in front of the seal is subject to chemical treatment, covered with water and paint.

L. Invented in Germany A. Zenefelder in 1798 in Technique L., attracting simplicity and freedom of execution, E. Delacroix, O. Domarey, V. Serov and Soviet graphs - Veresky, V. Lebedev, E. Cybrik.

Local color (Fr. - local) - 1) The color characteristic of the color of this subject. L. c. constantly changing under the influence of lighting, air environment, surrounding colors, etc.; 2) Color in painting, taken in major large relations to neighboring colors, without detailed identification of color shades.

SMEAR - Track with paint brushes, left based on (canvas, cardboard, etc.). The painting technique smears is very diverse and depends on the individual manner of the artist, from the task that it sets itself from the features and properties of the material in which it works.

Modeling (ITAL. - Treat) - In artistic practice: the transfer of relief (see), the forms of depicted objects and figures in a particular lighting conditions. In Figure M. is carried out by tone (light) (see), and the promising change in forms is also taken into account. In the painting, the form is modeled by color, since here the tonal and color side are inextricably linked. In sculpture under M. It is understood by the process of modeling and processing three-dimensional forms.

The degree of M. is due to the content of the work and the idea of \u200b\u200bthe artist.

MODEL (Fr. - object, image object) - mostly livenight, mainly man.

MOSAIC (Fr.) - one of the types of monumental painting. The image is made up of a plurality of multicolored pieces of natural stones, stained glass (smalts), ceramic tiles and other solid materials, tightly fitted to each other and attached to the base (wall, ceiling, etc.) with the help of special mastic, cement and other binders substances.

Mosaic particles are selected in color and tone in accordance with the design (sketch) of the artist. In the mosaic, the effects arising from the distance due to the optical mixing of colors of individual particles and the positions of the mosaic cubes are tilted with respect to the light source and to each other.

In addition to the mosaic, made from small predominantly the same particles - mosaic of Byzantine, there is another her species - Florentine mosaic. In it, the image is usually made up of larger pieces, most often natural stones. These pieces are cut in accordance with the parts of the figure, according to which the work is done, and have a different shape and size.

The mosaic is called a separate work performed in this technique.

An important quality of mosaic is not only her decorative possibilities, but what it does not lose the original strength of color over the centuries. Widely common in the ancient times (in ancient Greece and Rome) and in the Middle Ages (in Byzantium), the mosaic technique is becoming increasingly important in contemporary art when making buildings.

MONOCHROME (Greek) - one-color. Cm. Grisaille.

Motive (Fr.): 1) Nature object chosen by an artist for an image, most often landscape. M. - Zaguka, determining the moment, color and pictorial-plastic solution of the picture or etude; 2) In decorative and applied art, the main element of the ornamental composition, which can repeated repeatedly.

Muulazh (Fr.) - accurate cast, removed directly from nature or from any sculptural work. Colored wax (or papier-mache) M. Fruit, vegetables and other items are sometimes used as visual benefits.

Supervisory Perspective - see. Perspective.

Neutral background - see. Background.

NUANCE (Fr.) - a very thin shade of color or very easy to transition from light to the shadow, etc.; See hue.

FORM (artistic) - a form of reflection of reality phenomena in art, form of artistic reproduction of reality. In the visual art of O. is a sensual-specific, visual expression of the idea (see).

The realistic artistic image always implies a generalization, the allocation of the most essential parties to life. Through this typification, the artist discloses the truth and meaning, the internal pattern of life phenomena.

ORIGINAL (Lat. - The same as the original) - 1) in the visual art: a work, which is a creative creature of the artist; 2) Any work of art from which a copy is made.

ORNAMENT (Lat. - Decoration) - pattern, usually characterized by a rhythmic location (see Rhythm) of the same decorative motifs (see), which is created by processing and styling images of all sorts of real world objects or from combinations of geometric forms. O. can be performed in various techniques. It always serves the decoration of objects, interiors, etc.

RELATIONS - The relationship of the image elements existing in nature and used when creating works. For example, O. colors and shades (in painting), tones of various lights (tonal O. in the figure), O. sizes and forms of objects (proportions), spatial O., etc. O., transmitted in artworks, are determined Comparison metol.

Tonal and color O. can be contrasting, sharp or light, nuiss. Moreover, those or other elements taken in O., always to a certain extent turn out to be influencing each other, as perceived by one of each other. For example, almost features of color and tones are perceived only when they are considered in O. to other colors or tones, and not isolated from the environment.

The entire variety of features and properties of the objective world is transmitted in the visual arts using O. However, the artist does not have the ability to achieve in color and tonal O. complete nature correspondence, convey it adequately, literally, since its artistic means are more limited than the phenomena of nature. For example, Belil and white paper will never be able to accurately pass the power of sunlight. But, observing the faithful, proportional ratios within the available limits, it is possible to make the image of rather convincing and vital.

Tint - 1) change, sometimes little noticeable, nature color under the influence of its environment; 2) a slight difference in paints on luminosity, saturation, color tone (see). For example, the red collapse has a coolest, and a cynosar is a warmer shade, and so on; 3) the difference in any color when it moves from cold to warm and vice versa.

PALETTE (Italian.) - 1) the board, most often wooden on which the artist lays and mixes paints; 2) the nature of the color combinations typical of this picture for the works of this artist or art school. They say: rich palette, faded palette, monotonous palette.

Panel (Fr.) - 1) The product of painting or sculpture (bas-relief) decorative nature. It is intended for a certain and permanent place in the interior or on the facade of the building. Panno usually serves to decorate walls, ceiling, etc. Close connection with architecture brings together a panel with monumental painting. But unlike the last panel, it is written on canvas attached to the subframe like a conventional easel picture. The shape of the panel is subordinate to the form of the place selected for it. 2) panels also refer to the image of a flat section of the wall, excluded from the rest of its surface and framed by a border (sculptural or picturesque). 3) Panels and temporary servers are created to decorate the city streets on holidays.

Pastoznost (Ital. - Toughness) - receiving a picturesque letter, when the paint is applied with thick, relief strokes. Used in oil and tempera painting.

Perspective (Fr.) - 1) Apparent change in the shapes and sizes of objects and their coloring at a distance; 2) Science, exploring the features and patterns of perception by the human eye forms in space, and establishing the laws of images of these forms on the plane. The use of the laws of P. helps to portray items as we see them in real space. Depending on the task that the artist puts in front of him, it is possible to various application of perspective. It can be used creatively as one of the artistic means (see), reinforcing expressiveness of images (angles (see), deformation (see), etc.).

P. Linear determines the optical distortion of the forms of objects, their size and proportions caused by their promising reduction. In artistic practice, the so-called P. observant is common, i.e., an image "on the eye" of all sorts of changes in the forms of objects.

To the main, the most important Terminams of P. include: The horizon line is imaginary straight, conditionally located in space at the level of the eyes of the observer; point of view - the place where the eye is drawing; The central point of the gathering point is the point located on the horizon line right against the eye of the observer; The angle of view (see "Perspective" in the Appendix).

P. Air - determines the change in color, outlines and the degree of illumination of objects, as it removes nature from the eye of the observer, due to the increase in the light-air interlayer between the observer and the subject.

Spatial plans - 1) when observing the nature of the conditionally divided sections of space, located at different distances from the observer; 2) parts of the picture, different in the degree of remoteness in the depths of the space depicted in it. Typically distinguish between several plans: the first, second, third or front, medium, long-distance. Their number may be different and depends on the object, which is depicted, and from creative design; 3) when modeling (see) forms, the plans are called parts of the form, in different ways located in space.

Plastic (Greek - sculpture) -1) art modeling forms in the drawing, painting and sculpture; 2) expressiveness of pictorial techniques, artistry, freedom and ease of work in painting in painting; 3) the expressiveness of the form in sculpture and in graphic and picturesque images; 4) the same as sculpture. C P. Most often include works of sculptures made of soft plastic materials - clay, wax, plasticine, etc. P. is also called the technique of work in these materials.

PLASTIC - in works of different types of art: special beauty, integrity, subtlety and expressiveness of modeling and color solving forms, the richness of color and tonal transitions, as well as the harmonic relationship and expressiveness of mass, forms, their lines and silhouettes (see) in the composition.

Plenuer (Fr. - Full air) - Outdoor work, in vivo, and not in the walls of the workshop. The term P. is usually used in the application to the landscape, as well as to designate the works of any kind of painting, characterized by the variety and complexity of color and tonal relationships and well-transmitting light-air medium.

PENUMBRA - one of the elements of lighting (see). P. both in kind and in works of art is the gradation of lighting on the surface of the subject, intermediate between the light and the deep shadow.

SEMITONE - Tone transient between two adjacent low-contrast tones in the illuminated part of the subject, in works of art: means of expressive artistic image. The use of P. promotes greater thinness of modeling (see) forms, greater softness of tone transitions.

PORTRAIT (Fr.) - genre of visual art, as well as a work dedicated to the image of a certain person or several people (pair, group P., etc.).

PROPORTION (Lat.) - Measure parts, the ratio of the size of the parts to each other and to the whole. In the visual art of P. diverse. The artist deals with various types of P. They determine not only the construction of forms of figures and objects, but also a composite construction of works. It includes the appearance of the appropriate format of the sheet plane, the ratio of the size of images to the background, the ratio of mass, groupings, forms to each other, etc.

Spatial art - see. Fine Arts.

PROFILE (Fr.) - In a broad sense: the view of any living being or subject with lateral position.

Rakurs (Fr.) - a promising reduction in living and subject forms, significantly changing their appearance. R. is due to the point of view on nature (top view, from below, at close range, etc.), as well as the position of nature in space itself.

RELIEF (Fr.) - type of sculpture. Unlike round sculpture, the volume R. partially protrudes over the plane. There are various types of p.: Bas-relief ("Ba" in French - low), in which the figures protrude beyond the plane not more than half of their volume; The burner ("Guo" in French is high), in which the figures can almost completely perform over the plane; In-depth, or ankract, in which the image is embedded in the plane, below its surface.

The embossed image is an energetic modeling of the bulk form by tone or color. See modeling.

REFLEX (Lat. - Reflection) - 1) In painting - the shade of the color is a more highly lit subject on the surface adjacent to it. Color R. arise as a result of reflection of the rays of light from the surrounding items. Eg, red drapery can give a reddish reflex on the surface of a brown jug, located next to it; 2) In the figure - reflection of light from the surface of one item in the shaded part of the other.

RHYTHM (Greek) is one of the features of composite construction of works. The simplest view of R. is a uniform alternation or a repetition of any parts (objects, shapes, patterns of pattern, colors, etc.); Most often manifests itself in monumental, decorative and applied art and architecture.

In the works of painting, graphics and sculptures, the manifestation of R. is more complex. Here it often contributes to the creation of a certain mood in the picture, thanks to it, the high integrity and consistency of the compositions of the composition is achieved and its impact on the viewer.

R. It is often manifested in embodiments (see) gestures, movements and composite groups of figures, in repetitions and versions of light and color spots, as well as in alternating when placed in the space of larger parts of the image, which are significant elements of the composition.

SHINE - In the visual art, the lighting element (see). Both in kind and in works of art, the term serves to indicate the most illuminated surface parts.

Lights - term related to lighting (see). In painting - the degree of saturation of color by light, the comparative degree of color lightness in relation to other adjacent color tones. The graph is the degree of lightness of one tone relative to the other next to him.

Light - gradations of light and dark, the ratio of light and shadow on the form. C. is one of the means of composite construction and the expression of the work of the work. Thanks to S. perceived visually and passed in the work of plastic features of nature. In nature, the character of C. depends on the characteristics, form and material of the subject. In the works of art S. obeys a common tonal decision.

Gradations of lighting: light, shadow, half, reflex, glare (see).

SESSION (Fr.) - Time held for any occupation, the period of continuous work of the artist over one work. This work can pass in different segments of time, take a different number of hours. The artist can spend one, two or more sessions for the performance of the work.

SILHOUETTE (Fr.) - General outlines of the figure or subject in kind. In artworks: such a kind of figures or items in which their form is perceived without parts and sharply pronounced volume or even looks completely flat (solid stain on a dark or light background). So, the silhouette acquires the figure set against the light. C. It is also called all profile dark images in the chart.

SYMMETRY (Greek - proportionality) - the structure of the subject or composition of the work, in which homogeneous parts (or objects) are located in parallel to each other, at the same distance from the central axis of any object that occupies the central position in relation to them.

Such a composition is often found in decorative and applied art. In painting and sculpture, it is sometimes too strict (not corresponding to the living character of the image) C. can make works dry and boring.

Violation of the symmetric structure in objects, which is characteristic of the presence of S., is called asymmetry.

Machine art - The name comes from the machine on which works are created (the machine at the sculptor, the painter's easel). Works S.I. Always have an independent value. Their ideological and artistic features do not depend on the environment in which they are. Unlike the works of monumental and decorative and applied art, they are not intended for a certain place (indoors, in space) or decorative purposes. In this regard, when creating several other artistic agents are used. For example, it is often given a more subtle and thorough transfer of color and tonal relationships (see) and more complex and more developed psychological characteristics of characters.

Static (Greek. - Standing) - In contrast to the dynamism (see) - the state of rest, immobility. C. May correspond to the plan for a figurative solution. But sometimes S. is caused by the inability of the artist to pass the movement, give a more expressive image. In the works of Fine Arts, S. not always frost. Eg, the static pose itself is characteristic of the standing figure: the inclice of the shoulders and the hips (the upper and lower parts of the body) in opposite directions (the so-called counterproost) - does not attach a figure of a person of stiffness and has a no less rich linear rhythm Figure depicted in motion.

STYLE (Fr.) - 1) The community of ideological and artistic features of the works of different types of art of a certain era. The emergence and change of S. are determined by the course of the historical development of human society, but at the same time there can be somewhat heterogeneous or even opposite in their nature of styles (eg, classicism and baroque); 2) National feature of art (Chinese style, Moorish style, etc.); 3) the concept of C. Sometimes it is determined by separate specifically artistic signs of works of art or monuments of material culture (for example, black-phi-food S. in Greek painting); 4) They also say about S. Group of artists or one artist, if their creativity is distinguished by bright, individual features.

PLOT (Fr.) - 1) in the story picture: a specific event or phenomenon shown in the work. The same theme can be transmitted in a set of S. In the visual art, the plot primarily are works of household, historical and battle genres; 2) In a broader sense under S. understand any object of live nature or objective world, taken for the image, including a single subject. Often, C. Replaces the concept of motive (see), based on the work (especially landscape).

Creative process (creativity) - the process of creating an artistic work, starting from the origin of the figurative plan to its embodiment, the process of implementing observations of reality into an artistic image. In the visual art, the artist's creativity is always in creating a work in directly visible forms. In each artist, there are many individual, characteristic only to him alone. However, there are some common laws. Usually work begins with composite searches of the visual solution and selection of the material. After this preparatory period, the artist completes the work on the work. It happens that the artist and at the final stage of work contributes to the work significant changes and amendments or even again begins to look for a more successful embodiment of creative design.

SUBJECT (Greek) - a circle of phenomena chosen by the artist for the image and disclosure of the idea of \u200b\u200bhis work.

SHADOW - Element of lighting (see), the most weakly illuminated areas in kind and in the image. T. own and falling. Own called T. belonging to the subject itself. The placement of these T. on its surface is due to the form of this subject and the direction of the light source. Falling is T., discarded by the body to the surrounding items.

Warm color - see. Color.

Technical aesthetics (See aesthetics) - an area of \u200b\u200bartistic creativity associated with the design and release of industrial products. In this creative process, designer artists (see designers) coat with engineers-designers and technologists.

TONE (FR.) - The degree of lightness inherent in the color of the object in nature and in the work of art. The tone depends on the color intensity and its lights (see).

1) T. in the figure - the drawing is usually mon-layered (monochrome), so T. It is one of the leading artistic agents. With the help of relations of various T. transmitted volume of form, position in space and lighting objects. T. is also transmitted to the difference in lightness items, which is due to the nature of their colors and material.

2) T. in painting - under this concept, it is meant to light (see), as well as color saturation (see). In painting, color and black and white relations are inextricably linked. Do not mix the concept of T. with the concept of shade (see) and the color tone (see), which determine other quality colors. Miscellaneous on T. (Svetlot) colors can have the same color shade, eg, the blue-green color can be darker or brighter, but the shade remains the same.

3) Color T. - one of the quality of color (see).

4) Common Color T. Produce - This term coincides with the concepts with the concepts of color gamma (see) and a tonality (see).

5) General black and white T. Produce - see a tonality.

6) in everyday life, T. is used to designate the color of the paints (blue T., paint green T., etc.).

7) In a broader sense, in everyday voice, the tone often replaces the concept of color (see), shade (see), color gamut (see), color (see).

KEY - a certain ratio of colors or tones, characteristic of this work, one of its artistic features. The graph of T. defines the degree of contrast (see) dark and light tones. In the painting, the concept of T. has the same meaning as the color gamma (see), as it determines the features of the color structure of the work, along with the color nuances (see).

TORSO (Ital.) - man's body.

VANISHING POINT - See Perspective.

TEXTURE (lat. - Processing) - 1) Characteristic features of the material, surfaces of objects in kind and their image in artworks (eg, the shiny surface of the glass jug in nature or in the picture);

2) Features of the material processing in which the product is made, as well as the characteristic qualities of this material (for example, F. of the picturesque work is the character of a colorful layer, smears. It may be smooth, rough, embossed, etc.; In sculpture - Character processing stone, tree, etc.). F. The product largely depends on the properties of the material used by the artist, on the characteristics of nature, which it depicts, as well as from the task and manners of execution. In F. works manifest individual handwriting of the artist, his hand. F. is one of the artistic means to contribute to the emotional effects of the work.

FAS. (FR.) - Front view.

Fixation, fixation or fixation (Fr.) - Figure the drawing with special compositions to give it better preservation.

BACKGROUND (FR. - bottom, deep part) - in kind and in the work of art - any environment behind the object located closer, the background image. In the works of fine art, the background may be neutral, devoid of images, or include images (fine).

THE FORM (Lat.) - 1) appearance, outlines. In this sense, F. implies the existence of a volume, clear design, proportion; 2) in the visual art of F. called the volume-plastic features of the subject; 3) In all kinds of art, artistic agents serving to create an image to disclose the content of the work (see content and form). In the creative process (see) find the form most appropriate design. In any of the types of art, the form largely determines the artistic advantages of the work. In the visual art of art F. - this is a compositional construction, unity of means and techniques implemented in artistic material and embodying ideologically-artistic design (see Content and Form).

FORMAT (FR.) - the form of the plane on which the image is performed (rectangular, oval, round-rondo pt.). It is due to its shared outlines and the ratio of the height to width. The choice of F. depends on the content and mood expressed in the work. F. Pictures should always correspond to the composition of the image. It is essential for the figurative structure of the work.

FRAGMENT (Lat. - Chip, scribe) - part of the work of the existing or preserved residue of the dead.

FRESCO (Ital. - Fresh). One of the main types of monumental painting (see). The binder in the colors here serves an aqueous solution of lime or water. In conjunction with the substance of plaster on the wall (ceiling), they form a durable colorful layer. The technique of frescoes is very complex, since it does not allow corrections in the process of work. Only subsequently they are made by Tever. When working on the fresco, the artist must take into account some lack of paints during drying. The fresco is written in parts, each of which is performed in one session. Its part of it are executed on cards (cardboard - in this case, the maintenance material intended for copying) in which the drawing, composition and size fully correspond to the future work.

Distinguish the following types of frescoes:

1) painting on raw plaster with the stage of temporary ("and fresco"); 2) painting on raw plaster without amendments ("Buon Fresco"); 3) painting on dry plaster ("and point"); 4) casein-lime painting. The latter is the most durable and allows more others to diversify the execution manner. The valuable quality of this technique is that it is less sensitive to changes in the atmosphere. Therefore, it is often used for work outdoors.

Cool color - see. Color.

Artistic means - All visual elements and artistic techniques that artist uses to express the content of the work. These include: composition, perspective, proportion, light, color, barcode, texture (see), etc.

Chromatic colors (Greek) - colors with special quality (for color tone - see), distinguishing them from each other. X. C. - The colors of the solar spectrum, creating in the refraction of the solar beam (red, yellow, etc.). Conditionally colors of the spectrum are located on the "color circle". This color scale contains a large number of transitions from cold to warm colors (see color). Achromatic colors - white, gray, black. They are deprived of color tone and differ only on luminosity (lightness).

COLOR - One of the main artistic means in painting (see). The image of the objective world, a variety of properties and features of nature in painting is transmitted through relations between C. and color shades. The main qualities of C. include: Color Tone - feature of C., distinguishing it from other C. spectrum (red, blue, green, etc. C. have different color tone); Gimosil Ts. - The ability of one or another C. Reflect light rays. Distinguish bright and darker;; Saturation (intensity) C. - The amount of a certain color tone in this C. Saturation of the C. Paint may vary as a result of diluting it with water (in watercolor) or from the addition to it blew in oil or gouache painting.

In a picturesque practice, every C. is always considered in relation to the surrounding colors with whom he is in collaboration. The basis of this dependence is the relationship of cold and warm C. and shades. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe cold C. In nature and in works of art, it is usually associated with the C. ice, snow, a bold, Sizem Ts. Thunderstorm, etc., and about heat - with C. Fire, sunlight, etc. Big The relationship in painting has the relationship of additional C. and shades. These C. and shades taken in comparison, mutually reinforce each other. Additional C. The following pairs of C.: Red and herbian-green, lemon yellow and purple, orange and blue. These C. are contrasting among themselves. Contrasts of additional, cold and warm C. are an integral element of the color solving of paintings that serves for more truthful.

C. is one of the most important means of creating an artistic image. The power of the influence of C. On the sense of a person, the ability of various C. Different influence on his mood playing a crucial role in painting. Here C. is an element of the composition of the work. Not only the distribution of C. and light in the picture, but also the selection of C. Helps brighter to express the content of the work, create a certain mood in it. In addition, C. in painting has aesthetic value. The picture of its paints, the beauty of color is to call the viewer with a sense of aesthetic pleasure. This quality has works of painters of different eras.

HATCH (it.) - One of the visual means in the picture. Each sh. Is a line conducted by one hand movement. Work techniques are diverse. Used sh. In different strength, length and frequencies, laid in various directions. At the same time, depending on the nature of the work, Sh. May look like separate lines, or merge into a solid spot.

EXPRESSION (Lat. - Expression) - Increased expressiveness of artwork. E. is achieved by the entire totality of artistic means and also depends on the manner of execution, the nature of the artist's work in one or another material. In a narrower sense - the manifestation of the temperament of the artist in its creative handwriting, in the texture, drawing, color solving the work.

SKETCH (FR.) - Preparatory sketch to the work, reflecting the search for the best embodiment of creative design. E. can be performed in various techniques. In the process of working on the picture, sculpture, etc. The artist usually creates several E. The most successful, from his point of view, it uses in the future, developing and complementing the decision previously found. In E. The image can be significantly developed (see - detail).

Sketch - The speed of execution and significant generalization of the image details. E. can be dictated by an artistic idea, but can manifest as a lack of work. In this case, E. understands insufficient clarity in the transmission of content, in the expression of ideologically-artistic design, paintings, negligence.

AESTHETICS (Greek) - the science of beautiful in life and in art.

E. studies the foundations and patterns of artistic creativity, the attitude of art to reality, the role of art in public life. In the wide range of aesthetic - beautiful, beautiful.

ETUDE (Fr. - Study) - Work performed from nature. Often E. has an independent value. Sometimes he is an exercise in which the artist improves his professional skills and seizes a deeper and truthful image of nature. E. also serve as auxiliary and preparatory material when creating works. With the help of E. The artist specifies the design of the work, originally more generalized transmitted, works out the details, etc.