A short essay-discussion on the topic Artistic Rus' in the poem “ Dead Souls", image of Russia, "Russia of dead souls", images of landowners and officials

The poem “Dead Souls” is one of the most significant works of Russian literature. Gogol masterfully reflected the problems of Russia, its vices and shortcomings. He identified unique types of people who have a special national flavor. The writer’s goal was to “illuminate a picture taken from a despicable life,” and he succeeded. Therefore, Russia, the homeland of dead souls, became the most vivid and realistic image in the work.

The author decided to show the degradation of Russia using the example of the nobility - the main supporting class of the state. If even the nobles are dead souls, what can we say about the other, lower strata of society who look to the courtiers and landowners as examples to follow? Description of vices " the best people Fatherland" the writer begins with the hypocritical and lazy dreamer Manilov. This inactive person squanders his fortune and does not justify his privileged position. Such people can only talk, but are not going to do anything for the good of their homeland, so they only take from Russia, but do not give it anything in return.

After Manilov, Gogol introduces us to the thrifty Korobochka. It would seem, what is the vice? A woman runs the house and works to the envy of everyone. However, a very strong vice is obvious in her - greed. Profit became the only meaning of life for her. For the sake of profit or out of greed, she kills more than one peasant to death, therefore her activities are worse than Manilov’s inactivity. It also kills the future of Russia, because Korobochki are desperate enemies of progress.

The ruined Nozdryov is the antithesis of Korobochka. This man has undermined the credibility of his class, because he has sunk to the extreme degree of dishonor. He wanders in the status of “a guest worse than a Tatar” and is forced to live at the mercy of other nobles. He squandered the property of his ancestors, leaving his descendants poor and disgraced. It was because of such frivolous and vicious people that Russia gradually became merchant, and not noble. The privileged class began to humiliate itself in front of uneducated and greedy traders.

Then the author depicted the type of economic landowner Sobakevich. However, he did not in a positive way. He turned out to be so narrow-minded and limited that after meeting his club-headed person it became clear: with such people Russia will not move forward and will not become better. They look into the past and are ready to stay in it forever.

The gallery of images of landowners in the poem “Dead Souls” is closed by the miser Plyushkin (), who embodies the extreme degradation of the human being: “A person could condescend to such insignificance, pettiness, disgusting!” - writes the author. Gogol. The landowner destroyed all the goods he had earned, drove away the children and starved the peasants to death with poverty. With such people, Russia is in danger of falling into the abyss.

In the poem, Gogol reveals the vices of the city, as well as the bureaucratic class, which represents the state and, in this case, discredits it. District officials of the city of N thought only about how to line their pockets and deceive the townspeople. They are all connected by a single criminal network that surrounds the city. Patriotism is alien to them, like other moral concepts. In depicting this, the author does not mean just one city, he means the whole of autocratic Russia.

The new type of person that Chichikov () represents in the poem is hardly better than the old ones. As a bankrupt nobleman, he is forced to make a living through fraud. “It’s fairest,” writes Gogol, “to call him the owner-acquirer.” Chichikov's life credo is to save a penny. Therefore, the hero makes money in every possible way, not disdaining crime. Gogol also mercilessly ridicules the vices of this new type in order to prove that Russia is not on the same path with him.

Thus, Gogol described a gallery of images of landowners, revealing the pressing problems of the country. This is how the image of Russia in the poem “Dead Souls” was formed from fragments, an image long-suffering and deep, in need of change. And the author still hopes for a good future. The extraordinary potential of the Russian is manifested in the images of the “Yaroslavl efficient man”, the carpenter-hero Stepan Probka, the miracle shoemaker Makeich Telyatin, the carriage maker Mezheev. The people's love of freedom, their spiritual wealth, and their “lively and lively” mind give Gogol incentives to believe in his country and love it no matter what. Therefore, he compares Rus' with a flying “unbeatable troika”, which is shunned by “other peoples and states.”

Interesting? Save it on your wall! - Images of landowners in N.V. Gogol’s novel “Dead Souls”

Advantages: Various types of heroes

Disadvantages: Negative features of society of that time are shown

N.V. Gogol's novel "Dead Souls".

From the Russian program fiction For high school attracts special attention interesting novel Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol's "Dead Souls", in which the writer depicted the society of Russian landowners of that time.

The work depicts the images of many landowners who met on the path of the enterprising swindler Chichikov, who wanted to make a fictitious deal - to buy the souls of dead peasants, in order to then receive money from the state for their maintenance.

This brilliant idea came to the mind of the main character of the novel “Dead Souls” by accident, and he began to bring it to life with special zeal.

Images of landowners in the novel "Dead Souls".

So, in N.V. Gogol’s novel “Dead Souls” the images of several provincial middle-income landowners from the Russian hinterland are drawn and described in sufficient detail. Just five of them deserve special attention:

1) Manilov is a man who lives with his dreams and is far from reality, very lazy, constantly immersed in the world of his dreams.

2) Korobochka is a kind woman, but stupid and tight-fisted, active and practical.

3) Nozdryov is an unbridled reveler and spendthrift, loves to spend money thoughtlessly and go on carousing with friends, and is also partial to playing cards.

4) Sobakevich is a strong, practical and tight-fisted owner, a solid and monumental figure.

5) Plyushkin is an elderly landowner who, after the death of his wife, abandoned housekeeping and began to plunge into the abyss of stinginess and dementia.

Now let's take a closer look at the characteristic features of each of these images.

N.V. Gogol begins the characterization of one of the characters in the novel - the landowner Manilov - with a description of his appearance. Manilov's facial features are very regular, pleasant and harmonious, but at the same time there is a somewhat cloying, even disgusting sweetness throughout his entire appearance.

This is a completely weak-willed and lack of initiative person, lazy and dreamy, who spends all his time in sweet dreams about the possible reorganization of his farm. But he just doesn’t get around to making specific decisions and putting them into practice.

Manilov and his wife are a match - a woman pleasant in all respects, but completely lazy and boring. Their house is full of desolation and mismanagement, but at the same time it is decorated with the pretense of rich decoration. There are luxurious pieces of furniture, in peaceful proximity to which old shabby chairs stand - and this obvious discrepancy does not bother any of the members of the landowner's family. Rather, they simply don’t notice him.

Due to constant daydreaming, isolation from real life and Manilov’s complete stupidity in business matters, his estate and economy are in complete decline. His servants drink and steal shamelessly, not minding their own business.

But the owner of the estate clearly has no time for that - he is not interested in such trifles, because it is much more pleasant to give various nice surprises to his wife in the form of useless gifts and enjoy life in constant idleness.

The request for the sale of the souls of dead serfs, which Chichikov made, caused Manilov incredible surprise. But he agreed to help such a pleasant and courteous person, despite the obvious illegality of the actions taken. Moreover, Manilov gives away “dead souls” for free, philosophically discussing the frailty of earthly existence.

The only one female image landowners in the novel “Dead Souls”, depicted by the author with particular irony and sarcasm. Korobochka represents the elderly owner of a small landowner's estate, in which, despite everything, order reigns and vigorous economic activity is in full swing.

Korobochka is a stupid and narrow-minded woman, but at the same time, she is practical and stingy, she knows the value of every penny. That is why her estate is thriving, despite the apparent stupidity of the mistress. The serf peasants work on the Korobochka estate, their huts are strong and well-groomed.

Nothing goes to waste on the farm, because the landowner sees, notices and remembers everything, and she has taught her serfs to be orderly.

When Chichikov invited her to sell the dead peasants, Korobochka was at first surprised, but then suspected him of selfish intentions. At first she doesn’t agree to the deal because she’s afraid of selling herself short. The doubts of the landowner Korobochka are expressed in one single phrase: “What if buyers come running?”

She is little concerned about moral and ethical issues, because for the landowner, dead peasants are the same commodity that can be sold but can also be useful on her own farm. In the image of Korobochka, N.V. Gogol created the image of a Russian landowner, for whom aimless accumulation material assets became the meaning of her whole life.

This character deserves special attention, which is why he is described by the author in great detail and colorfully. Nozdryov is a cheerful, strong and fresh middle-aged man, cheerful and lively, who will always and anywhere find friends. At the same time, he is a carouser, plays cards and spends money completely recklessly, taking the last crumbs from the serfs.

The landowner Nozdryov is not at all involved in running his own household, and therefore his entire estate is in a deplorable state - with the exception of the kennel, where everything is well-groomed and arranged simply perfectly. This is where Nozdryov feels best - he comes and plays with the little puppies as if he were his own children.

To all the negative character traits of the landowner Nozdryov, one can add his immense love for drink and fun companies. Fairs and hunting trips with dogs are Nozdryov’s element, in which he feels like a fish in water.

At the same time, the landowner often lies and is rude to everyone around him. His speech is incoherent and often meaningless, he jumps from one topic of the story, not caring about the semantic load of phrases.

In relation to Chichikov, Nozdryov immediately behaved like an old friend, but at the same time, it was his statements that became the reason that Chichikov’s idea received wide publicity.

The houses of serfs on Sobakevich's estate are new, strong and well-groomed. The practicality and thoroughness of the owner is felt in everything.

Hearing Chichikov’s proposal, Sobakevich was not at all surprised, but began to praise his “product,” talking about the professional and personal qualities of each deceased peasant. Thus, he wanted to inflate their price in order to sell them at a higher price.

During his first meeting with the landowner Plyushkin, Chichikov initially found it difficult to determine who was standing in front of him - a woman or a man? The old man was dressed in some kind of nondescript, tattered and dirty robe.

In more early years Plyushkin was simply a thrifty and zealous owner, and order reigned on his estate. He lived with his wife and children. But after the death of his wife, the landowner became despondent and practically stopped looking after the farm.

The most negative qualities of his character came to the fore: stinginess and suspicion. He began to reproach the peasants for theft and tried to drag everything into his house. As a result, it turned out that Plyushkin remembered where the smallest feather or piece of sealing wax was hidden in his house, but at the same time did not pay attention to the mass of spoiling food in the pantries and to the general decline of the household.

When Chichikov suggested that Plyushkin sell the souls of dead peasants, the landowner was very happy and even became emotional. He bargains a little with Chichikov and asks to increase the price for each peasant. For Plyushkin, this deal is profitable, if only because he received a small income.

Show skill N.V. Gogol in the description of the characters of landowners in the poem “Dead Souls”.

To develop the ability to read, think deeply into the text, find key words, significant details in a literary text, and draw conclusions.

To cultivate a love for Russian literature and interest in studying the works of N.V. Gogol.

Design:

1. Portraits of Chichikov and landowners.
2. Text of the poem “Dead Souls”.
3. Presentation “Images of landowners in the poem by N.V. Gogol “Dead Souls”. (Appendix 1)
4. Fragments of the video film “Dead Souls”. (DVD series “Russian Classics”)

PROGRESS OF THE LESSON

I. Organizational moment (greeting).

Reporting the topic of the lesson, goal setting.

II. Opening remarks teachers.

The close-up images of landowners, these “masters of life”, who are responsible for its economic and cultural condition, for the fate of the people, are drawn in close-up in the poem “Dead Souls”.

What are they, the masters of life? A plan is proposed to analyze the images of landowners. Slide 2

III. Analysis of the image of Manilov.

Which landowner does Chichikov visit first? Slide 3

When does Chichikov's first meeting with Manilov take place? View V ideological fragment “Chichikov at Manilov”

Assignment: using the memo plan, tell about Manilov. Performance by the 1st group of students.

What detail in the description of the hero is dominant?

What is hidden behind Manilov’s smiling face? How the author himself characterizes the hero ?

A pleasant Manilov smile for everyone is a sign of deep indifference to everything around him; such people are not capable of experiencing anger, sorrow, joy.

With the help of what details does Gogol give a comic coloring to the images of his characters?

An integral part of Gogol's portrait drawing are poses, clothing, movements, gestures, and facial expressions. With their help, the writer enhances the comic coloring of the images and reveals the true essence of the hero. Manilov's gestures indicate mental impotence, an inability to comprehend what goes beyond the boundaries of his wretched little world.

What is the distinctive feature of Manilov?

His main psychological trait is the desire to please everyone and always.

Manilov is a calm observer of everything that happens; bribe takers, thieves, embezzlers - all the most respected people for him. Manilov is an indefinite person; he has no living human desires. This is a dead soul, a person “so-so, neither this nor that.”

Conclusion. Slide 4

Instead of real feeling, Manilov has a “pleasant smile”, cloying courtesy and a sensitive phrase; instead of thought - some kind of incoherent, stupid reflections, instead of activity - either empty dreams, or such results of “labor” as “slides of ash knocked out of a pipe, arranged, not without effort, in very beautiful rows.”

IV. Analysis of the image of the Box.

Briefly describe the contents of Chapter 3.

What can you find out about main feature Character Boxes from direct author's characteristics?

Gogol does not hide the irony regarding her thinking abilities: she thought, opened her mouth, looked almost with fear. “Well, the woman seems to be strong-minded!”

The essence of Korobochka’s character is especially visible through the dialogical speech of the characters. The dialogue between Korobochka and Chichikov is a masterpiece of comedic art. This conversation can be called a dialogue of the deaf.

Watching the video clip “Dialogue between Korobochka and Chichikov”

What character traits of Korobochka were revealed in the bargaining scene?

She was not embarrassed by the trade in dead souls, she is ready to trade in dead souls, but she is afraid of selling herself cheap. She is characterized by tedious slowness and caution. She went to the city to find out how much “dead souls” were being sold these days.

What is the situation of the peasants near Korobochka?

The village is a source of honey, lard, and hemp, which Korobochka sells. She also trades with peasants.

Draw a conclusion about the meaning of the box's thriftiness .

It turns out that landlordism can have the same vile, inhuman meaning as mismanagement.

What made Korobochka like this?

Traditions in the conditions of patriarchal life suppressed Korobochka’s personality and stopped her intellectual development at a very low level; all aspects of life not related to hoarding remained inaccessible to her.

Assignment: using the memo plan, tell about the Box. Performance of the 2nd group of students

Conclusion : Slide 6

The “club-headed” box is the embodiment of those traditions that have developed among provincial small landowners leading subsistence farming.

She is the representative of the departing one, dying Russia, and there is no life in it itself, since it is turned not to the future, but to the past.

V. Analysis of Nozdryov’s image.

It consists of separate fragments that tell about the hero’s habits, episodes from his life, manners and behavior in society. Each of these sketches is a condensed story that reveals one or another trait of his character: drunken revelry, a passion for changing everything, an addiction to playing cards, empty vulgar talk, complete lies.

How is Nozdryov’s desire to lie exposed?

In Nozdryov's office, Turkish daggers are shown, on one of which was carved: master Savely Sibiryakov.

What is the hero's speech? ?

Swear words: fetish, pig, scoundrel, rubbish. And this reveals not only a personal, but also a social trait. He is sure that he is allowed to insult and deceive with impunity - after all, he is a landowner, a nobleman, the master of life.

What are Nozdryov’s life goals ?

What Nozdrev cares about is profit: this tavern hero is in no way suitable for the role of an acquirer. He is possessed by a thirst for pleasures - those that are available to his dirty soul. And Nozdryov plays dirty tricks on his neighbor with pleasure, without any malicious intentions, even good-naturedly, since his neighbor is only a means or source of pleasure for him. Pleasure was denied or it did not take place: “fetish”, “scoundrel”, “rubbish”

Assignment: using the memo plan, tell about Nozdryov. Speech by the 3rd group of students

Conclusion. Slide 8

In general, Nozdryov is an unpleasant person, since he completely lacks the concepts of honor, conscience, and human dignity.

Nozdryov’s energy turned into scandalous vanity, aimless and destructive.

VI. Analysis of the image of Sobakevich.

What details and things does Gogol use when characterizing Sobakevich? ?

Description of the manor house: “...a wooden house with a mezzanine could be seen... “...In a word, everything he looked at was stubborn, without swaying, in some kind of strong and awkward order.

The Greek heroes in the pictures in his living room were strong, with thick loungers, unheard of mustache.

Is there a difference in the characterization of Sobakevich in chapters 1 and 5?

In Chapter 1, Sobakevich is characterized as a person “clumsy in appearance.” This quality is emphasized and deepened in Chapter 5: he looks “like a medium-sized bear.” The author persistently plays on the word “bear”: a bear-colored tailcoat, his name was Mikhail Semyonovich.

What is striking about Sobakevich’s portrait?

In the portrait, what is most striking is the complexion: “.. stony, hot, like the one on a copper coin”;

“It is known that there are many such persons in the world, over the finishing of which nature did not spend much time, did not use any small tools, such as files, gimlets and other things, but simply chopped with all their might: just hit with an ax once - the nose came out, it was enough to another - her lips came out, she picked her eyes with a large drill...”

“Chichikov glanced sideways at him again as they walked into the dining room: bear! A perfect bear!”

Why is Chichikov careful in his conversation with Sobakevich: he did not call the souls dead, but only non-existent?

Sobakevich immediately “smelled” that the proposed deal was fraudulent. But he didn’t even blink an eye.

“Do you need dead souls? - Sobakevich asked very simply, without the slightest surprise, as if we were talking about bread.”

Assignment: using the memo plan, tell about Sobakevich. Speech by the 4th group of students

Chichikov is right in thinking that Sobakevich would have remained a kulak even in St. Petersburg, although he was raised according to fashion. Yes, it would have turned out even worse: “if he had tasted the top of some science, he would let him know later, having taken a more prominent place. To all those who actually learned some science.

Sobakevich, like Korobochka, is smart and practical in a business way: they do not ruin men, because it is unprofitable for themselves. They know that in this world everything is bought and sold.

VII. Analysis of the image of Plyushkin.

Subject moral failure, the spiritual death of the “masters of life” ends with a chapter dedicated to Plyushkin.

Plyushkin is the last portrait in the gallery of landowners. Before us is the complete collapse of the human in man.

How and why a hardworking owner turned into “a hole in humanity” ?

Why does the chapter about Plyushkin begin with a lyrical digression about youth?

Why does Gogol recount the life story of Plyushkin in detail? ?

Gogol turns to the hero’s past, since the moral ugliness is the same as that of other landowners: spiritual possession, which gives rise to soullessness, loss of ideas about the meaning of life, about moral duty, about responsibility for everything that happens around. Plyushkin's tragedy is that he lost contact with people. He sees enemies in everyone, even his own children and grandchildren, ready to plunder good.

The image of Plyushkin is the embodiment of extreme dilapidation and moldiness, and in the characteristics of objects associated with him, Gogol reflected these qualities.

Find in the text artistic means with the help of which the author reveals the essence of the image of Plyushkin .

All the buildings were dilapidated, the logs on the huts were dark and old, the roofs were see-through like a sieve, the fence was broken...

Assignment: using the memo plan, tell about Plyushkin. Speech by the 5th group of students

Conclusion. Slide 12

Mold, dust, rot, and death emanate from the Plyushkin estate. Other details also chill the heart: the old man did not give a penny to either his daughter or his son.

So, for what purpose is the image of Plyushkin depicted in the poem? ?

Consistently, from hero to hero, Gogol exposes the worthless life of the landowners.

The images of landowners are given according to their spiritual impoverishment and moral decline.

It is shown how the disintegration of the human personality gradually took place.

Once upon a time, Plyushkin was just a thrifty owner. The thirst for enrichment turned him into a miser and isolated him from society.

His image reveals one of the varieties of spiritual death. Plyushkin's image is typical.

Gogol exclaimed bitterly: “And a person could stoop to such insignificance, pettiness, and disgustingness! Could have changed so much! And does this seem true? Everything seems to be true, anything can happen to a person.”

VIII. Similarities between Chichikov and landowners.

Landowner, his distinctive feature	How does this trait manifest itself in Chichikov?
Manilov – sweetness, cloying, uncertainty	All residents of the city recognized Chichikov as a pleasant man in all respects
Box - petty stinginess	Everything in the box is laid out with the same diligent pedantry as in Nastasya Petrovna’s chest of drawers
Nozdryov - narcissism	The desire and ability to please everyone
Sobakevich – rude tight-fistedness and cynicism	There is “...no straightforwardness, no sincerity! Perfect Sobakevich”
Plyushkin - collecting unnecessary things and carefully storing them	While exploring the city, I tore off the poster, read it, folded it and put it in a small box.

Chichikov's character is multifaceted, the hero turns out to be a mirror of the landowner he meets, because he has the same qualities that form the basis of the landowners' characters.

IX. Crossword . Slides 15 to 24

X. Summing up.

XI. Homework.

1. Fill out the table according to plan:

• brief description of the landowner;
• description of the landowner's estate;
• description of a shared meal;
• how landowners react to Chichikov’s proposal;
• further actions of the landowners.

2. Write a miniature essay “Why did Chichikov visit the landowners in such a sequence?”

The compositional basis of Gogol’s poem “Dead Souls” is Chichikov’s travels through the cities and provinces of Russia. According to the author’s plan, the reader is invited to “travel all over Rus' with the hero and bring out many different characters.” In the first volume of Dead Souls, Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol introduces the reader to a number of characters who represent “ dark kingdom", familiar from the plays of A. N. Ostrovsky. The types created by the writer are relevant to this day, and many proper names have become common nouns over time, although in lately in colloquial speech they are used less and less. Below is a description of the characters in the poem. In Dead Souls, the main characters are landowners and the main adventurer, whose adventures form the basis of the plot.

Chichikov, main character“Dead Souls”, travels around Russia, buying documents for dead peasants who, according to the audit book, are still listed as alive. In the first chapters of the work, the author tries in every possible way to emphasize that Chichikov was completely ordinary, nothing remarkable man. Knowing how to find an approach to every person, Chichikov was able to achieve favor, respect and recognition in any society he encountered without any problems. Pavel Ivanovich is ready to do anything to achieve his goal: he lies, impersonates another person, flatters, takes advantage of other people. But at the same time, he seems to readers to be an absolutely charming person!

Gogol masterfully showed the multifaceted human personality, which combines depravity and the desire for virtue.

Another hero of Gogol’s “Dead Souls” is Manilov. Chichikov comes to him first. Manilov gives the impression of a carefree person who does not care about worldly problems. Manilov found a wife to match himself - the same dreamy young lady. Servants took care of the house, and teachers came to their two children, Themistoclus and Alcis. It was difficult to determine Manilov’s character: Gogol himself says that in the first minute one might think “what an amazing person!”, a little later one might be disappointed in the hero, and after another minute one would become convinced that they couldn’t say anything about Manilov at all. There are no desires in it, no life itself. The landowner spends his time in abstract thoughts, completely ignoring everyday problems. Manilov easily gave the dead souls to Chichikov without asking about the legal details.

If we continue the list of characters in the story, then the next one will be Korobochka Nastasya Petrovna, an old lonely widow who lives in a small village. Chichikov came to her by accident: the coachman Selifan lost his way and turned onto the wrong road. The hero was forced to stop for the night. External attributes were an indicator internal state landowner: everything in her house was done efficiently, firmly, but nevertheless there were a lot of flies everywhere. Korobochka was a real entrepreneur, because she was used to seeing in every person only a potential buyer. Nastasya Petrovna was remembered by the reader for the fact that she did not agree to the deal. Chichikov persuaded the landowner and promised to give her several blue papers for petitions, but until he agreed next time to definitely order flour, honey and lard from Korobochka, Pavel Ivanovich did not receive several dozen dead souls.

Next on the list was Nozdryov- a carouser, a liar and a merry fellow, a playmaker. The meaning of his life was entertainment; even two children could not keep the landowner at home for more than a few days. Nozdryov often got into various situations, but thanks to his innate talent for finding a way out of any situation, he always got away with it. Nozdryov communicated easily with people, even with those with whom he managed to quarrel; after a while he communicated as if with old friends. However, many tried not to have anything in common with Nozdryov: the landowner hundreds of times came up with various fables about others, telling them at balls and dinner parties. It seemed that Nozdryov was not at all bothered by the fact that he often lost his property at cards - he certainly wanted to win back. The image of Nozdryov is very important for characterizing other heroes of the poem, in particular Chichikov. After all, Nozdryov was the only person with whom Chichikov did not make a deal and indeed did not want to meet with him anymore. Pavel Ivanovich barely managed to escape from Nozdryov, but Chichikov could not even imagine under what circumstances he would see this man again.

Sobakevich was the fourth seller of dead souls. to his appearance and his behavior resembled a bear, even the interior of his house and household utensils were huge, inappropriate and bulky. From the very beginning, the author emphasizes Sobakevich’s thriftiness and prudence. It was he who first suggested that Chichikov buy documents for the peasants. Chichikov was surprised by this turn of events, but did not argue. The landowner was also remembered for raising prices on the peasants, despite the fact that the latter were long dead. He talked about their professional skills or personal qualities, trying to sell documents at a higher price than Chichikov offered.

Surprisingly, this particular hero has a much greater chance of spiritual rebirth, because Sobakevich sees how small people have become, how insignificant they are in their aspirations.

This list of characteristics of the heroes of “Dead Souls” shows the most important characters for understanding the plot, but do not forget about coachman Selifane, and about servant of Pavel Ivanovich, and about good-natured landowner Plyushkin. Being a master of words, Gogol created very vivid portraits of heroes and their types, which is why all the descriptions of the heroes of Dead Souls are so easily remembered and immediately recognizable.

Work test

Lesson 3 N.V. Gogol “Dead Souls2 System of images of the poem. Images of landowners (Manilov, Korobochka)

Goals: give students an idea of ​​the system of images of the poem “Dead Souls”; familiarize students with the images of landowners using the example of Manilov and Korobochka; develop skills and abilities to construct an answer to a question about a work of art based on theoretical and literary knowledge; improve analytical skills with prose text; contribute to the aesthetic and moral education of students; cultivate a culture of reading perception.

Equipment : textbook, text of the poem “Dead Souls”, handouts, table, illustrative material on the topic of the lesson.

Lesson type : lesson - analysiswork of art

Predicted results : students knowabout the system of images of the poem by N.V. Gogol

“Dead Souls” are able to characterize the characters of the poem, analyze the text, retell individual episodes in the form of a description,participate in the conversation, develop their point of view on work of art in accordance with author's position and historical era.

Lesson progress

I . Organizational stage

II. Updating of reference knowledge

Conversation (analysis of the first chapter)

Tell us what you learned from what you read about the main character of the work.

What was the purpose of his visit to provincial town?

Find in the text and read the portrait description of Chichikov. Why do you think the writer singles him out for his faceless appearance? Justify your answer. What words does the author use to express his attitude towards the character?

III. Motivation educational activities

The poem was conceived by Gogol as a broad epic canvas, in which the author wanted to truthfully reflect, as in a pure mirror, living modernity.
The poem reflected Russia in the first third of the 19th century - Russia at that time, when the tsarist government, having dealt with the Decembrists, with the dreams of the best people of the country about introducing republican rule, was intensively creating a bureaucratic apparatus, when the assertive Chichikovs - businessmen-acquirers, went to the mountain. capable of making money out of anything.
The poem is built in the form of a journey and allows the reader to look into all the details that interest him. Subject of attention - “Mr.

System of images. Image system The poem is constructed in accordance with three main plot-compositional links: landowner, bureaucratic Russia and the image of Chichikov. The uniqueness of the system of images lies in the fact that the contrast to the heroes shown in the real plan of the poem constitutes an ideal plan, where the author’s voice is present and an image is created.

The first chapter of the poem can be defined as a kind of introduction. The action has not yet begun, and the author is only general outline outlines the heroes. The reader begins to guess that Chichikov came to the provincial town with some intentions, which become clear later.

IV . Working on the lesson topic

1. Introductory speech by the teacher.

By creating images of landowners, Gogol not only shows us different types of owners of serf souls: dreamy slackers (Manilov), absolutely indifferent to the serfs entrusted to him; stingy people (Sobakevich), who will not miss anything in life; “club-headed” boxes, stuck in small-scale subsistence farming, where every piece of land, every piece, every box and casket is registered; senseless bullies (Nozdryov), who more rampages at fairs and on neighboring estates than at home; and finally, the phenomenal plushkins from all sides. The author creates a whole system of images, very realistic and at the same time clearly satirical. He shows us the “heroes” from all sides, using three types of description: portrait, landscape of the estate, interior of the landowner’s house.

2. Collective work on compilation reference diagram- synopsis “The system of images of the poem” (write on the board and in a notebook)

The system of images of the poem

Chichikov	Landowners, villagers
	Manilov
	Box
	Nozdryov
	Sobakevich
	Plyushkin
Chichikov	Officials and city residents
	Governor
	Postmaster
	Chief of Police
	Prosecutor

3. Analytical conversation “Thinking, discussing”

a) Analysis of the first chapter

Which landowner does Chichikov visit first?

When does Chichikov's first meeting with Manilov take place?

What is the leading detail in the description of the hero?

Tell us who Manilov is. What impression did he make on you?

What was the landowner doing? How does he feel about his estate?

Find in the text and read the description of the interior of Manilov’s house. - Read expressively how Manilov reacted to Chichikov’s proposal to sell “dead souls.” How does this scene characterize Manilov?

Give reasons for your answer

Explain the term "manilovism"

Comment on the assessment of this chapter given by V.A. Zhukovsky: “Funny and painful.”

b) Analysis of the third chapter

With the help of which artistic means does the author reveal the image of Korobochka? Examples from the text.

Find in the text and read the characteristics of the Box. What is the leading feature of the Box? Examples from the text.

- Read expressively how Korobochka reacted to Chichikov’s proposal to sell “dead souls.” How does this scene characterize Korobochka?

Think about whether this image can be called typical? Why?

Which artistic technique strengthens the author's generalization? Examples from the text.

4. Collective work on compiling the table “Heroes of the poem by N.V. Gogol's "Dead Souls"

“The heroes of the poem by N.V. Gogol's "Dead Souls"

Images of landowners
landowner	Characteristic	Attitude towards a request for selling the dead shower
Manilov	Vulgar and empty. For two years, a book with a bookmark on one page has been lying in his office. His speech is sweet and cloying.	I was surprised. He thinks it’s illegal, but he can’t refuse so much nice person. Gives it to peasants for free. At the same time, he does not know how many souls he has. -
Box	She knows the value of money, is practical and economical. Stingy, stupid, club-headed, landowner-hoarder	He wants to know what Chichikov’s souls are for. The number of deaths is known exactly (18 people). Looks at dead souls as if they were hemp or lard: they might come in handy on the farm
Nozdryov	He is considered a good friend, but is always ready to play a trick on his friend. Kutila, card player, "broken fellow." When talking, he constantly jumps from subject to subject, uses swear words	It would seem that it was easiest for Chichikov to get them from this landowner, but he was the only one who left him with nothing.
Sobakevich	Uncouth, clumsy, rude, unable to express feelings. A tough, evil serf owner who never misses a profit.	The smartest of all landowners. He immediately saw through the guest and made a deal to his advantage.
Plyushkin	Once upon a time he had a family, children, and he himself was a thrifty owner. But the death of the mistress turned this man into a miser. He became, like many widowers, stingy and suspicious	I was amazed and delighted by his offer, since there would be income. He agreed to sell the souls for 30 kopecks (78 souls in total).

5. Comparative work

Analysis of the images of Manilov and Korobochka (in pairs)

landowner	Environment	portrait	character	Attitude to Chichikov's request
Manilov (I met in the city, I was traveling by invitation)	The manor's house stood alone on a hill; dull bluish forest; the day is either clear or gloomy, light gray; there was always something missing in the house; The walls are painted with some kind of blue paint, like gray.	In appearance, the man was distinguished, pleasant, and smiled enticingly; was blond, with blue eyes	The man is so-so, neither this nor that, neither in the city of Bogdan, nor in the village of Selifan; spoke very little at home; I thought and fantasized a lot; I've been reading page 14 for 2 years now	Surprised, he agreed to give it for free; doesn’t know how many of his peasants died
Box (got it by accident during the rain)	A small house, a yard full of birds, old wallpaper, paintings with birds, antique small mirrors, huge feather beds	An elderly woman, in a sleeping cap, with a flannel around her neck	Hospitable, sells honey, hemp, lard, feathers	He wonders why he needs them; knows the exact number of deaths (18 souls), is afraid of incurring a loss, wants to wait a little, agreed to sell for 15 banknotes

V . Reflection. Summing up the lesson

Teacher's summary word

Gogol's heroes were not fictional book characters for Boklevsky. He lived for many years in the Ryazan province and easily recognized the well-known customs of the Russian province in the officials and landowners of the city of N.

Boklevsky completely refuses to reproduce everyday details and furnishings. His main task is to convey the intellectual poverty and moral squalor of Gogol's types. Therefore, the artist limits himself only to portraits of heroes and concentrates his attention on the depiction of their faces.

Manilov is represented by the artist relaxing in the afternoon. Having loosened his tie, unbuttoned his waistcoat, and holding his invariable long-stemmed pipe, he lounges in an easy chair. Manilov is a delicate, educated gentleman. Therefore, down jackets make him dreamy. He rolled his eyes, threw back his head, and was carried away by his imagination under the clouds. However, he does not rise from the pillows, he remains in complete idleness, and it is clear to the viewer that Manilov’s fantasies are as ephemeral as the smoke coming out of his pipe.

Korobochka is “one of those mothers, small landowners who cry about crop failures, losses and keep their heads somewhat to one side, and meanwhile they gradually collect money in colorful bags placed in dresser drawers.” The watercolor portrait of Korobochka represents a good-natured old lady of small stature, wearing a cap and hood, and funny knitted shoes. The round, soft figure of Nastasya Petrovna, with some kind of rag tied around her neck, surprisingly resembles a tightly stuffed sack or sack - an important attribute of a homely landowner. Boklevsky often gives Gogol's characters an appearance similar to one or another animal. This creates additional associations for the viewer, which contribute to a better understanding of the essence of the image. So, it is no coincidence that Sobakevich looks like a bear, and Chichikov looks like a cunning fox. Boklevsky’s box makes you think about one of the small rodents, caring, homely animals that drag everything they see into their hole. In fact, she has round, surprised eyes, a raised upper lip in a triangle, exposing her incisors, and, finally, short arms, innocently folded over her protruding abdomen, just like the paws of a mouse.

VI . Homework

1. Prepare quotation material for the images of Nozdryov, Sobakevich, Plyushkin.

2. Individual task. Prepare for role-playing game

3. Anticipatory task. Prepare an answer orally to a problematic question: “For what purpose does Chichikov visit landowners over the course of five chapters?”